Thresholds of External Flows for Inclusive Human Development in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract

This research investigates the incidence of enhancing external flows on inclusive human development in a panel of 48 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. It complements the literature by examining the relevance of enhancing three types of external flows, namely: development assistance, foreign investment and remittances. Ordinary Least Squares, Tobit, Fixed effects, Generalised Method of Moments and Quantile regressions are used as empirical strategies. The following main results are apparent: (i) between 60 and 150 (% of GDP) is the threshold of foreign aid; (ii) 33.333 (% of GDP) is the foreign investment threshold and (iii) 25 (% of GDP) is the critical mass of remittances. At the established critical masses or thresholds, external flows start having positive effects on inclusive human development. Countries characterized by inclusive development levels that are low need more investment in foreign aid for inclusive human development compared to their counterparts characterized by inclusive human development levels that are high.

Does Growth Enhancement Support Scheme (GESS) Contribute to Youth Development in Informal Farm Entrepreneurship? Evidence from Rural Communities in Nigeria

“…As concerns that TAM, the motivation behind a user's decision to adopt a given mode of communication technology can be explained by one fundamental factor, namely: the voluntary will of the user to accept and use the given technology (Davis, 1989). In accordance with the underlying literature (Asongu et al, 2019a(Asongu et al, , 2019bUduji et al, 2018c;Asongu & Odhiambo, 2019a, what is common among the three theories is the influence of information technology on a number of features which affect the decision to adopt and use the underlying technology. These characteristics are the formation of customers' belief and composite elements such as psychological, personal, behavioral and utilitarian features (Dana, 2007;Rashiti et al, 2017;Ramadani et al, 2019;Nikopoulos & Dana, 2017;Mason et al, 2009;Dana, 2011).…”

“…The positioning of the study in response to the testable hypothesis contributes to the growing literature on the relevance of information technology in development outcomes (Chavula, 2013;Carmody, 2013;Afutu-Kotey et al 2017;Tchamyou & Asongu, 2017;Bongomin et al 2018;Asongu et al, 2020aAsongu et al, , 2020bAsongu et al, , 2020cGosavi, 2018;Isszhaku et al 2018;Asongu & Asongu, 2018;Hubani & Wiese, 2018;Uduji et al, 2020aUduji et al, , 2020bUduji et al, , 2020cUduji et al, , 2020dMinkoua Nzie et al 2018;Asongu et al, 2019aAsongu et al, , 2019bAsongu et al, , 2019cAsongu et al, , 2019dAbor et al 2018;Tchamyou, 2019Tchamyou, , 2020Tchamyou et al, 2019aTchamyou et al, , 2019bMuthinja & Chipeta, 2018;Uduji & Okolo-Obasi, 2020;Uduji et al, 2018aUduji et al, , 2018bUgwuanyi et al, 2020;Rashiti et al, 2017;Dana, 2011;Ramsdani et al, 2019;Nikopoulos & Dana, 2017;Mason et al, 2009;Dana, 2007).…”

Growth Enhancement Support Scheme (GESS) and Farmers’ Fertilizer Use in Rural Nigeria

“…Meanwhile, fertilizer application in Nigeria is estimated at 13 kg/ha by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD); which is far below the 200 kg/ha recommended by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (World Bank, ). This translates to about 6 kg/ha of nutrients and is also well below the Abuja Food Summit recommendation of at least 50 kg/ha nutrients, in line with the declaration of the African Union Heads of States and Government on food security and hunger reduction on the continent (Anyanwu, ; Anyanwu and Erhijakpor, ; Anyanwu et al, ; Asongu et al ., ; Benin and Yu, ). As low fertilizer use has been identified as a major challenge that must be overcome in order to increase Nigeria's agricultural productivity (FGN, ), we hypothesize that GESS does not impact on farmers’ fertilizer use in rural Nigeria.…”

Growth Enhancement Support Scheme (GESS) and Farmers’ Fertilizer Use in Rural Nigeria

“…introduced a gender perspective to the debate, suggesting that participation of young rural women would intensify the use of modern agricultural inputs in Nigeria. This translates to about 6 kg/ha of nutrients and is also well below the Abuja Food Summit recommendation of at least 50 kg/ha nutrients, in line with the declaration of the African Union Heads of States and Government on food security and hunger reduction on the continent (Anyanwu, 2014a(Anyanwu, , 2014bAnyanwu and Erhijakpor, 2010;Anyanwu et al, 2016;Asongu et al, 2019aAsongu et al, , 2019bAsongu et al, , 2019cBenin and Yu, 2013). Meanwhile, fertilizer application in Nigeria is estimated at 13 kg/ha by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD); which is far below the 200 kg/ha recommended by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (World Bank, 2014).…”