“…Thrombin is a serine protease, an enzyme that plays a key role in blood coagulation, and is relevant to a plethora of diseases such as chronic inflammatory diseases, vascular disease, coagulation abnormalities, cancer, and atherosclerosis. − Generally, excessive thrombin will cause venous thrombosis, and a low amount of thrombin will increase bleeding risks . The concentration of thrombin during coagulation varies from picomolar to micromolar levels, and thus, the limit of detection (LOD) and detection range need to cover the picomolar to micromolar range. , Moreover, recent studies have made progress in thrombin detection, including enzyme-linked sandwich assays, , strips, − optical sensors, − electrochemical platforms, − and piezoelectric methods . In general, enzyme-linked sandwich assays are the gold standard for thrombin detection but also experience laborious steps, low analysis speed, and false positives.…”