Through a Gender Lens

Chen, Zhenpeng; Lü, Xuan; Ai, Wei; Li, Huoran; Mei, Qiaozhu; Liu, Xuanzhe

doi:10.1145/3178876.3186157

Cited by 85 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Consistent with these attitudes, females use emoji and emoticons more frequently than males do [4,37], and young adults use them more than older adults [10,25]. Moreover, females and young people preferentially use different icons and use them for different pragmatic purposes compared to males and adults, respectively [4,5,32,34,37]. Given these welldocumented differences in usage, it is natural to ask whether, and if so to what extent, different demographic categories of social media users understand emoji use differently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…In some contexts, emoji use is seen as inappropriate for males [32], and it can make adults appear incompetent [13]. Consistent with these attitudes, females use emoji and emoticons more frequently than males do [4,37], and young adults use them more than older adults [10,25]. Moreover, females and young people preferentially use different icons and use them for different pragmatic purposes compared to males and adults, respectively [4,5,32,34,37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender and Age Influences on Interpretation of Emoji Functions

Herring

Dainas

2020

Trans. Soc. Comput.

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An online survey, the Understanding Emoji Survey, was conducted to assess how English-speaking social media users interpret the pragmatic functions of emoji in examples adapted from public Facebook comments, based on a modified version of [15]'s taxonomy of functions. Of the responses received (N = 519; 351 females, 120 males, 48 "other"; 354 under 30, 165 over 30, age range 18-70+), tone modification was the preferred interpretation overall, followed by virtual action, although interpretations varied significantly by emoji type. Female and male interpretations were generally similar, while "other" gender respondents differed significantly in dispreferring tone and preferring multiple functions. Respondents over 30 often did not understand the functions or interpreted the emoji literally, while younger users interpreted them in more conventionalized ways. Older males were most likely, and younger females were least likely, to not understand emoji functions and to find emoji confusing or annoying, consistent with previously reported gender and age differences in attitudes toward, and frequency of, emoji use.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender and Age Influences on Interpretation of Emoji Functions

Herring

Dainas

2020

Trans. Soc. Comput.

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“…Moreover, gender differences have been found in the use of emotions and emojis (Wolf, 2000;Chen et al, 2017), where women were found to be more likely to use those digital displays of emotion. This leads to the next section.…”

Section: Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Non-normative Displays of Emotion in the Workplace: How Inappropriateness Shapes the Interpersonal Outcomes of Emotional Displays

Cheshin

2020

Front. Psychol.

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When it comes to evaluating emotions as either "good" or "bad," everyday beliefs regarding emotions rely mostly on their hedonic features-does the emotion feel good to the person experiencing the emotion? However, emotions are not only felt inwardly; they are also displayed outwardly, and others' responses to an emotional display can produce asymmetric outcomes (i.e., even emotions that feel good to the displayer can lead to negative outcomes for the displayer and others). Focusing on organizational settings, this manuscript reviews the literature on the outcomes of emotional expressions and argues that the evidence points to perceived (in)appropriateness of emotional displays as key to their consequences: emotional displays that are deemed inappropriate generate disadvantageous outcomes for the displayer, and at times also the organization. Drawing on relevant theoretical models [Emotions as Social Information (EASI) theory, the Dual Threshold Model of Anger, and Asymmetrical Outcomes of Emotions], the paper highlights three broad and interrelated reasons why emotion displays could be deemed unfitting and inappropriate: (1) characteristics of the displayer (e.g., status, gender); (2) characteristics of the display (e.g., intensity, mode); and (3) characteristics of the context (e.g., national or organizational culture, topic of interaction). The review focuses on three different emotions-anger, sadness, and happinesswhich differ in their valence based on how they feel to the displayer, but can yield different interpersonal outcomes. In conclusion, the paper argues that inappropriateness must be judged separately from whether an emotional display is civil (i.e., polite and courteous) or uncivil (i.e., rude, discourteous, and offensive). Testable propositions are presented, as well as suggested future research directions.

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“…Women evaluated emoji as clearer and more meaningful and familiar [21] and gave higher overall positive ratings when assessing the valence of emoji [34]. They were also shown to be more familiar with emoji and to use them more frequently compared to men [21,34,35]. However, other studies did not report gender differences in the interpretation of emoji when using emoji questionnaires [36].…”

Section: Neutral Facementioning

confidence: 92%

The Meaning of Emoji to Describe Food Experiences in Pre-Adolescents

Sick

Monteleone

Pierguidi

et al. 2020

Foods

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Ongoing research has shown that emoji can be used by children to discriminate food products, but it is unclear if they express emotions and how they are linked to emotional words. Little is known about how children interpret emoji in terms of their emotional meaning in the context of food. This study aimed at investigating the emotional meaning of emoji used to describe food experiences in 9–13-year-old pre-adolescents and to measure related age and gender differences. The meaning of 46 emoji used to describe food experience was explored by: mapping emoji according to similarities and differences in their emotional meaning using the projective mapping technique, and linking emoji with emotion words using a check-all-that-apply (CATA) format. The two tasks gave consistent results and showed that emoji were discriminated along the valence (positive vs. negative) and power (dominant vs. submissive) dimension, and to a lower extent along the arousal dimension (high vs. low activation). In general, negative emoji had more distinct meanings than positive emoji in both studies, but differences in nuances of meaning were found also among positive emoji. Girls and older pre-adolescents (12–13 years old (y.o.)) discriminated positive emoji slightly better than boys and younger pre-adolescents (9–11 y.o.). This suggests that girls and older pre-adolescents may be higher in emotional granularity (the ability to experience and discriminate emotions), particularly of positive emotions. The results of the present work can be used for the development of an emoji-based tool to measure emotions elicited by foods in pre-adolescents.

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Through a Gender Lens

Cited by 85 publications

References 38 publications

Gender and Age Influences on Interpretation of Emoji Functions

Gender and Age Influences on Interpretation of Emoji Functions

The Impact of Non-normative Displays of Emotion in the Workplace: How Inappropriateness Shapes the Interpersonal Outcomes of Emotional Displays

The Meaning of Emoji to Describe Food Experiences in Pre-Adolescents

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