Through Thickness Elastic Profile Determination of Functionally Graded Materials

Damage development during flexural loading of a 5-directional braided C/C-SiC composite, characterized by X-ray tomography and digital volume correlation

“…This is due to the reduction in elastic modulus in the tensile region that is caused by an increase in the proportion of open cracks in the microstructure with increasing tensile strain (Figure 10). The behavior is similar to that of a functionally-graded material [46] in which a reduced elastic modulus can act to lower the surface stresses in the microstructure and increase strength; in this case, the apparent modulus is reduced due to the effects of crack development [47] and is thus a function of the applied strain. In principal, a more detailed analysis of the three-dimensional displacement field with increasing bending moment, such as with the finite element method, could be used to quantify the material relationship between tensile strain and elastic modulus to support composite design.…”

A particle swarm-based algorithm for optimization of multi-layered and graded dental ceramics

“…This advantage eliminates interface problems of composite materials and the stress distribution becomes smooth. The influence of gradient variation of material properties in the FGMs on thermal residual stresses has been investigated by previous research studies analytically and numerically (Ravichandran, 1995;Becker et al, 2000;Koohbor et al, 2015;Birman and Byrd, 2007;Kesler et al, 1998;Cannillo et al, 2006). The readers interested in the origin and advancement of functionally graded materials are referred to very comprehensive review papers (Suresh and Mortensen, 1997;Mortensen and Suresh, 1995;Jha et al, 2013;Naebe and Shirvanimoghaddam, 2016).…”

Measurement Model for Young's Modulus of Axially Functionally Graded Materials

“…Vo et al [5] presented the static and vibration analysis of functionally graded beams using refined shear deformation theory, and obtained numerical results for functionally graded beams with simply-supported, cantilever-free and clamped-clamped boundary conditions to investigate effects of the power-law exponent and modulus ratio on the displacements, natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes. Koohbor et al [6] developed an experimental method to determine the through thickness elastic modulus profile of a multi-layered functionally graded material. Lee and Lee [7] developed an exact transfer matrix method to analyze the free vibration characteristics of a functionally graded beam, and this method can be used as a useful tool to produce the natural frequencies and mode shapes for such problems in which material properties such as the elastic modulus and density are assumed to vary continuously along the height direction of the beam cross-section depending on a power-law form.…”