Throughfall and Stemflow in Wooded Ecosystems

Levia, Delphis F.; Keim, Richard F.; Carlyle-Moses, D. E.; Frost, Ethan E.

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1363-5_21

Cited by 109 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…The hemlock's example storm event signal, once processed, shows the potential for Friesen et al [2008] interceptometers installed via the Van Stan et al [2011a] procedure to capture direct estimates and temporal variations in canopy water storage and its maximum capacity (Figure 7), which may advance interception loss modeling efforts [Keim and Skaugset, 2004;Pypker et al, 2005;Levia et al, 2011]. Slight delays in response to rainfall peaks may be a product of slightly differing rainfall patterns between the precipitation monitoring area and interception monitoring study site, or a result of the canopy's compression loading response being quicker than the rainfall gauges.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The magnitude of this interception loss is highly dependent on species canopy morphology, precipitation type, meteorological conditions, and season [Schmidt, 1991;Crockford and Richardson, 2000;Keim et al, 2006;Klingaman et al, 2007;Muzylo et al, 2009]. Much of our knowledge regarding these effects on canopy interception processes and loss estimates relies on indirect monitoring methods and physically based models, which can produce negative estimates, overestimates and underestimates, as well as contrasting interpretations of interception processes [Price and Carlyle-Moses, 2003;Keim, 2004;Carlyle-Moses, 2004;Levia et al, 2011]. Although a variety of direct methods for monitoring canopy water storage and interception have been developed and adapted for implementation across select forest types [Hancock and Crowther, 1979;Calder and Wright, 1986;Bouten et al, 1991;Teklahaimanot and Jarvis, 1991;Huang et al, 2005], they have not been readily employed by most researchers, partly due to cost, safety considerations, or unfamiliarity with a given method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eddy covariance, however, measures the integrated soilplant-atmosphere signal, making it difficult to quantify different interception-related components (e.g., canopy water storage). Since canopy evaporation rates strongly depend on the amount of water stored within the canopy [Rutter et al, 1971;Levia et al, 2011], the absence of widely adapted, simple, inexpensive, nonenvironmentally disruptive, direct methods for monitoring canopy water storage within the natural forest setting during precipitation events has hampered quantitative investigation of canopy interception processes [Levia et al, 2011].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of an instrumental method to reduce error in canopy water storage estimates via mechanical displacement

Stan

Martin

Friesen

et al. 2013

Water Resources Research

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[1] To improve the water budgeting of forested catchments and inform relevant hydrologic theory regarding water cycling within forests, the scientific community has been seeking simple, inexpensive, direct methods for determining rain water storage on in situ tree canopies. This paper evaluates an installation arrangement and routine for one such method: mechanical displacement sensors placed on a tree's trunk to directly monitor compression under canopy water loading from rainfall. The evaluated installation routine aligns mechanical displacement sensors along orthogonal axes passing through the mechanical center of the trunk to reduce wind-induced noise. The experimental attainment of neutral bending axes for a subject hardwood and softwood tree suggests the routine is precise and approximates the trunk's mechanical center well regardless of differences in cellular axial stiffness between heart and sapwood. When installed in this precise sensor arrangement, bending tests of different loading directions produced a consistent signal ratio between sensor pairs of approximately À1 (1 unit compression/1 unit elongation), allowing the identification and removal of bending strains from the raw strain signals to isolate the compression component attributable to canopy water storage loads. The same experiments performed on sensors just 5 cm off the trunk's computed mechanical center were unable to produce neutral bending axes or consistent signal ratios during bending from variable loading directions. Results from the method evaluation were translated into a data processing technique that is then applied to strain data collected through two sample rain events (one each for the hardwood and softwood trees). The processed strain data showed a clear synchronicity between rainfall and canopy loading, as well as periods of maximized canopy water loading (canopy storage capacity). Our results indicate that the evaluated arrangement and installation procedure for mechanical displacement sensors may be able to provide scientists with simple, direct canopy water storage estimates at high temporal resolution and sensitivity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of an instrumental method to reduce error in canopy water storage estimates via mechanical displacement

Stan

Martin

Friesen

et al. 2013

Water Resources Research

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“…Generally, interception losses in tree canopies represent 9% to 36% of the gross rainfall [58,59]. It has been estimated the rainfall interception losses is up to 48% of gross rainfall for the Corsican pine stands [34].…”

Section: Interception Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling Wetland Growing Season Rainfall Interception Losses Based on Maximum Canopy Storage Measurements

Ciężkowski

Berezowski

Kleniewska

et al. 2018

Water

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This study estimates rainfall interception losses from natural wetland ecosystems based on maximum canopy storage measurements. Rainfall interception losses play an important role in water balance, which is crucial in wetlands, and has not yet been thoroughly studied in relation to this type of ecosystem. Maximum canopy storage was measured using the weight method. Based on these measurements, daily values of interception losses were estimated and then used to calculate long-term interception losses based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration data for the 1971-2015 period. Depending mainly on the number of days with precipitation, the results show that total interception losses for the growing season as well as monthly interception losses are around 13% of gross rainfall. This value is similar to the values observed for some forests. Hence, interception losses should not be disregarded in hydrologic models of wetlands, especially because data trends in meteorological conditions (mainly number of days with precipitation) show that interception losses will increase in the future if those trends stay the same.

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“…In these locations, the total radiocesium deposition from after the accident until December 2011 were 41 kBq m -2 by BP and 60 kBq m -2 by TF, respectively. The forest canopy structure has the ability to form an efficient trap for atmospheric aerosols (Levia et al, 2011). The radiocesium deposition observed in coniferous forests was 30% higher than in adjacent grassland or arable land (Bunzl and Kracke, 1988).…”

Section: Cumulative Radiocesium Deposition In Forest Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial radiocesium deposition on forest ecosystems surrounding the Tokyo metropolitan area due to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident

Itoh

Imaya

Kobayashi

2015

Hydrological Research Letters

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Abstract:The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in 2011 resulted in releases of enormous amounts of radionuclides into the atmosphere. The radionuclides were deposited over a large forested area in the Tohoku and Kanto regions. There were few reports about the initial depositions of radionuclides on forest ecosystems during the main emission period. We investigated the initial radiocesium deposition at various forest sites. The deposition of radiocesium by bulk precipitation during the initial few months (approximately until the end of May just after the accident) ranged from 4.4-42.1 kBq m -2 while that by throughfall ranged from 2.1-36.6 kBq m -2. The ratio of radiocesium deposition by throughfall to that by bulk precipitation (D TF /D BP ) ranged from 0.13-0.66 during the first sampling period (approximately until the end of March just after the accident). In the following sampling periods, the radiocesium input by bulk precipitation decreased rapidly and became undetectable. The D TF /D BP ratios in these periods increased and then generally exceeded 1.0, meaning that the forest canopies gradually released the entrapped radiocesium. Atmospheric radiocesium inputs to forest ecosystems were strongly influenced by the forest canopy interception and temporal retention.

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Throughfall and Stemflow in Wooded Ecosystems

Cited by 109 publications

References 92 publications

Evaluation of an instrumental method to reduce error in canopy water storage estimates via mechanical displacement

Evaluation of an instrumental method to reduce error in canopy water storage estimates via mechanical displacement

Modelling Wetland Growing Season Rainfall Interception Losses Based on Maximum Canopy Storage Measurements

Initial radiocesium deposition on forest ecosystems surrounding the Tokyo metropolitan area due to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident

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