Throughfall fluxes in a secondary spruce (Picea abies), a beech (Fagus sylvatica) and a mixed spruce–beech stand

Exchange of reactive nitrogen compounds: concentrations and fluxes of total ammonium and total nitrate above a spruce canopy

“…All of the studies, with which we compared our results, were conducted above/in spruce forest. Rothe et al (2002) and Berger et al (2008Berger et al ( , 2009) compared deposition loads between beech, mixed and spruce forests and found enhanced acid deposition in the spruce forests due to the more efficiently scavenging of the coniferous canopies, which is also reflected in higher seepage rates of NO 3 . The high surface to volume ratio of the canopy may thus also enhance dry deposition.…”

“…Throughfall, often used in forestry studies (Lovett and Lindberg, 1984;Berger et al, 2008;Hovmand and Andersen, 1995), may be regarded as the sum of wet and dry deposition and canopy exchange, as throughfall is the sum of direct precipitation, wash off of formerly dry deposited material and exchange processes within the canopy (Lovett and Lindberg, 1984). Dry deposition estimates from throughfall measurements are very controversial, particularly for those species that potentially interact with the canopy (NH + 4 and NO − 3 ) (Lovett et al, 1996;Berger et al, 2009), but they are still often used as reasonable estimates (van Breemen and van Dijk, 1988).…”

Seasonal variations of throughfall chemistry in pure and mixed stands of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in Hyrcanian forests (Iran)

“…Few authors, however, have assessed the impact of tree species composition on atmospheric deposition by studying throughfall fluxes both in pure and mixed stands. Berger et al (2008) compared stands of pure beech, pure spruce and a mixture of beech and spruce and found that nitrogen and sulphur throughfall fluxes were lowest in the beech stand and highest in the spruce stand, while the mixed stand showed intermediate values. In this same study, the leaching of base cations tended to be lowest in the beech stand, intermediate in the mixed stand and highest in the spruce stand.…”

Sulphur and nitrogen concentrations and fluxes in bulk precipitation and throughfall in the mountain and highland spruce stands in the Czech Republic

“…for the period 1998-2007 the relative increase of sulphur concentrations under the crowns was 50-100%. Berger et al (2008) study of a 65 years old spruce stand near Kreisbach (Austria) found a 129% relative increase of sulphur concentration under the crowns. Sulphate is a conservative anion which means it is neither taken up by canopy nor leached from the foliage (de Vries et al 2001;Balestrini et al 2007) or, more precisely said, the minor stomatal uptake of SO 2 is balanced by minute leaching of SO 4 2 -from needles (Cape et al 1992;Draaijers et al 1996).…”

“…In forest ecosystems dry deposition may contribute to the input of these elements to the soil considerably because the precipitation is being enriched with dry deposition (Draaijers et al 1997;Solberg, Tørseth 1997;Dise et al 1998;Whelan et al 1998;Neal 2002;Bélanger et al 2004;Chiwa et al 2004;Solberg et al 2004;Barbier et al 2008;Berger et al 2008;Shachnovich et al 2008). Th roughfall waters collected under canopy thus contain larger amounts of ions than rainfall water collected in the nearby open areas (Yoshida, Ichikuni 1989;Saxena, Lin 1990;Beier, Hansen 1993;Balestrini, Tagliafferi 2001).…”