Thunderstorm Charge Separation

Reynolds, Steve; Brook, M.; Gourley, Mary Foulks

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1957)014<0426:tcs>2.0.co;2

Cited by 377 publications

(245 citation statements)

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“…It has been long understood that a dominant mechanism in separation of charge in thunderstorms is rebounding ice-ice collisions occurring between particles such as graupel and pristine ice in the presence of supercooled cloud water (Reynolds et al 1957;Takahashi 1978;Jayaratne et al 1983;Pereyra et al 2000). Graupel is produced in regions where riming growth is dominant, in other words, regions of deep convection updrafts.…”

Section: B Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

On Polarimetric Radar Signatures of Deep Convection for Model Evaluation: Columns of Specific Differential Phase Observed during MC3E*

Lier-Walqui

Fridlind

Ackerman

et al. 2016

Monthly Weather Review

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The representation of deep convection in general circulation models is in part informed by cloudresolving models (CRMs) that function at higher spatial and temporal resolution; however, recent studies have shown that CRMs often fail at capturing the details of deep convection updrafts. With the goal of providing constraint on CRM simulation of deep convection updrafts, ground-based remote-sensing observations are analyzed and statistically correlated for four deep convection

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Section: B Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

On Polarimetric Radar Signatures of Deep Convection for Model Evaluation: Columns of Specific Differential Phase Observed during MC3E*

Lier-Walqui

Fridlind

Ackerman

et al. 2016

Monthly Weather Review

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“…Charge separation is necessary for the production of lightning in thunderstorms and occurs via the non-inductive charging mechanism (Reynolds et al, 1957;Latham et al, 2004). This postulates that light ice crystals in clouds that rise on convective updraughts collide with heavier, falling graupel and in doing so the two particle types become oppositely charged.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using cloud ice flux to parametrise large-scale lightning

et al. 2014

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Abstract.Lightning is an important natural source of nitrogen oxide especially in the middle and upper troposphere. Hence, it is essential to represent lightning in chemistry transport and coupled chemistry-climate models. Using ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis data we compare the lightning flash density distributions produced using several existing lightning parametrisations, as well as a new parametrisation developed on the basis of upward cloud ice flux at 440 hPa. The use of ice flux forms a link to the non-inductive charging mechanism of thunderstorms. Spatial and temporal distributions of lightning flash density are compared to tropical and subtropical observations for 2007-2011 from the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. The well-used lightning flash parametrisation based on cloud-top height has large biases but the derived annual total flash density has a better spatial correlation with the LIS observations than other existing parametrisations. A comparison of flash density simulated by the different schemes shows that the cloud-top height parametrisation has many more instances of moderate flash densities and fewer low and high extremes compared to the other parametrisations. Other studies in the literature have shown that this feature of the cloud-top height parametrisation is in contrast to lightning observations over certain regions. Our new ice flux parametrisation shows a clear improvement over all the existing parametrisations with lower root mean square errors (RMSEs) and better spatial correlations with the observations for distributions of annual total, and seasonal and interannual variations. The greatest improvement with the new parametrisation is a more realistic representation of the zonal distribution with a better balance between tropical and subtropical lightning flash estimates. The new parametrisation is appropriate for testing in chemistry transport and chemistry-climate models that use a lightning parametrisation.

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“…C ontacts between solid surfaces are found throughout nature and have important roles in almost every scientific field from physics [1][2][3] and biology 4,5 to astrophysics 6,7 and meteorology 8,9 . From an engineering perspective, an understanding of contacts is essential to control friction and adhesion [10][11][12][13][14][15] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface tension and contact with soft elastic solids

et al. 2013

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The Johnson-Kendall-Roberts theory is the basis of modern contact mechanics. It describes how two deformable objects adhere together, driven by adhesion energy and opposed by elasticity. Here we characterize the indentation of glass particles into soft, silicone substrates using confocal microscopy. We show that, whereas the Johnson-Kendall-Roberts theory holds for particles larger than a critical, elastocapillary lengthscale, it fails for smaller particles. Instead, adhesion of small particles mimics the adsorption of particles at a fluid interface, with a size-independent contact angle between the undeformed surface and the particle given by a generalized version of the Young's law. A simple theory quantitatively captures this behaviour and explains how solid surface tension dominates elasticity for small-scale indentation of soft materials.

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Thunderstorm Charge Separation

Cited by 377 publications

References 0 publications

On Polarimetric Radar Signatures of Deep Convection for Model Evaluation: Columns of Specific Differential Phase Observed during MC3E*

On Polarimetric Radar Signatures of Deep Convection for Model Evaluation: Columns of Specific Differential Phase Observed during MC3E*

Using cloud ice flux to parametrise large-scale lightning

Surface tension and contact with soft elastic solids

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