Thymol exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic protective effects against gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats

Abstract

The renoprotective effect of thymol (TML) was investigated in rats challenged with gentamicin (GN). Rats received TML (20 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 15 days, and GN (80 mg/kg/day, i.p.) starting from the 8th day. TML significantly lowered serum creatinine and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and renal malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-18, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 in GN-challenged rats. In addition, TML caused a significant increment of renal total antioxidant capacity in rats received GN. Moreover, TML significantly ameliorated GN-induced histopathological kidney tissue injury, and significantly decreased nuclear factor-κB p65 and kidney injury molecule-1 expressions in kidneys of GN-challenged rats. It was concluded that TML guarded against CN-induced nephrotoxicity in rats via inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.

Oregano (Origanum vulgare) Essential Oil and Its Constituents Prevent Rat Kidney Tissue Injury and Inflammation Induced by a High Dose of L-Arginine

“…Thus, it could be brought in connection with the inflammatory processes in kidney tissue after applying L-arginine (Figures 2 and 5Q-V). The obtained result related to thymol activity in preventing a rise in the KIM-1 level (Figure 1B) is in accordance with the findings of a previous study [31]. On the other hand, carvacrol moderately influenced KIM-1 kidney levels (Figure 1B), which has also been proven recently, although in a five-fold higher dose and during a seven-day experiment [32].…”

“…The obtained results related to the carvacrol activity are in accordance with the previously reported data, showing that it exerts an extensive anti-apoptotic property through the reduction in the caspase-3 activity [53,54]. During a two-week experiment, the application of thymol in a dose of 20 mg/kg to rats prevented a kidney tissue caspase-3 increase induced by the application of gentamicin, a well-known nephrotoxic antibiotic [31], potentially explaining the data related to the thymol activity. Thus, the observed activity of a combination of thymol and carvacrol almost corresponds to the total activity of the O. vulgare essential oil, and we could potentially say that the two compounds synergistically act in preventing caspase-3 increase.…”

“…Oregano oil monoterpene phenols, thymol, and carvacrol were previously proven to possess a large number of pharmacological activities, including nephroprotective activity [31,40,42,54]. In accordance with previous findings, the results of our study demonstrated that thymol and carvacrol alone or combined significantly reduced serum urea and creatinine levels, as well as kidney tissue NGAL, KIM-1, and inflammatory parameters (NO, MPO, and TNF-α) and decreased CD68 expressing cells infiltration, thus preventing renal damage caused by a high dose of L-arginine.…”

Thymol co-administration abrogates hexachlorobenzene-induced reproductive toxicities in male rats

“…10,11 Amongst these natural products is thymol (THY) a dietary phenolic monoterpene with pharmacological benefits. Thymol is found in essential oil of thyme and many plants such as Thymus ciliate, Nigella sativa, Ocimum gratissimum, Thymus vulgaris, and Origanum vulgarae 12,13 and possesses wide range of biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, 14 antiapoptotic, 15 renoprotective, 16 anticarcinogenic 17 and hepatoprotective. 18 Additionally, THY produces positive effects on sperm quality and male reproductive organs in experimental animals.…”

Dietary Thymol Improved Growth, Body Composition, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Hematology, Immunity, Antioxidant Defense, and Resistance to Streptococcus iniae in the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

“…Inflammatory responses in fish are activated by cytokines such as Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), while other cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and IL-10, act as anti-inflammatory molecules and prevent extra activation of the inflammatory responses and prompt tissue recovery processes [27]. TYM has been shown to moderate inflammatory reactions [10,[28][29][30], however, this is somewhat unknown in fish [13]. Apart from immune components, hematological indices are also used to evaluate the overall health of fish.…”