Thyroid: biological actions of ‘nonclassical’ thyroid hormones

Senese, Rosalba; Cioffi, Federica; Lange, Pieter de; Goglia, Fernando; Lanni, Antonia

doi:10.1530/joe-13-0573

Cited by 97 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…However, there was no evaluation concerning Bnonclassical^thyroid hormones performed. These hormones are produced by deiodination and other biochemical pathways in peripheral tissues and the thyroid gland itself [44]. In particular, 3,5-diiodothyronine (T2) showed intense activity in stimulating mitochondrial calcium uptake and increasing mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of post-thyroidectomy chronic asthenia: a prospective cohort study

Scerrino¹,

Raspanti²,

Attard³

et al. 2017

Langenbecks Arch Surg

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Purpose Chronic asthenia (CA) is complained by some patients that have undergone thyroid surgery. We evaluate its impact in patients undergoing unilateral or bilateral thyroidectomy, the trend during a 1-year follow-up, and the possible risk factors. Methods A prospective, cohort study was carried out on 263 patients scheduled for thyroidectomy from 2012 and 2014. Exclusion criteria were as follows: Graves' disease, malignancies requiring radioiodine therapy, post-surgical hypoparathyroidism, laryngeal nerve palsy, abnormal pre-and postoperative thyroid hormone levels, and BMI outside the normal range. Demographics; smoking and alcoholism addiction; cardiac, pulmonary, renal, and hepatic failure; diabetes; anxiety; and depression were recorded. The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) was used to evaluate CA and its possible association with these comorbidities 6 and 12 months after thyroidectomy. Results One hundred seventy-seven patients underwent total thyroidectomy (TT), 54 hemithyroidectomy (HT). Thirty-two patients were not recorded because of the onset of exclusion criteria. In the 6 months after thyroidectomy, in the TT group, 64 patients (36.16%) reported an impairment in the BFI score and only 1 in the TL group. The mean BFI score changed from 1.663(±1.191) to 2.16 (±11.148) in the TT group, from 1.584 (±1.371) to 1.171 (±1.093) in the TL group (p < 0.001). No further significant variations in BFI were reported 1 year after surgery. Conclusions CA worsened after TT, but not after HT. Apart from operative procedure itself, no other risk factor was found be significantly associated with post-thyroidectomy asthenia. Further investigation is needed to determine the causes of CA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of post-thyroidectomy chronic asthenia: a prospective cohort study

Scerrino¹,

Raspanti²,

Attard³

et al. 2017

Langenbecks Arch Surg

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“…The average activity of T3 is about three to five times higher than T4, but the stability is 19 h in euthyroid patients. Other THs or thyromimetics, such as triac, tetrac, thyrinnamines, reverse T3, 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronin and conjugated glucagon/T 3 , also exist and are recently attracting attention in the scientific community as promising drugs for the treatment of several pathologies (Ball et al, 1997;Shang et al, 2013;Goglia, 2014;Senese et al, 2014;Finan et al, 2016). One of the main physiological roles of THs is the regulation of basal metabolic rate, defined here as the rate of energy expenditure per time at rest, which accounts for about 60-75% of the calories burned in a healthy subject.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levothyroxine enhances glucose clearance and blunts the onset of experimental type 1 diabetes mellitus in mice

López-Noriega

Cobo-Vuilleumier

Narbona-Pérez

et al. 2017

British J Pharmacology

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Thyroid hormones induce several changes in whole body metabolism that are known to improve metabolic homeostasis. However, adverse side effects have prevented its use in the clinic. In view of the promising effects of thyroid hormones, we investigated the effects of levothyroxine supplementation on glucose homeostasis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHC57BL/6 mice were treated with levothyroxine from birth to 24 weeks of age, when mice were killed. The effects of levothyroxine supplementation on metabolic health were determined. C57BL/6 mice treated with levothyroxine for 2 weeks and then challenged with streptozotocin to monitor survival. Mechanistic experiments were conducted in the pancreas, liver and skeletal muscle. RIP-B7.1 mice were treated with levothyroxine for 2 weeks and were subsequently immunized to trigger experimental autoimmune diabetes (EAD). Metabolic tests were performed. Mice were killed and metabolic tissues were extracted for immunohistological analyses. KEY RESULTSLong-term levothyroxine supplementation enhanced glucose clearance and reduced circulating glucose in C57BL/6 mice. Levothyroxine increased simultaneously the proliferation and apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells, promoting the maintenance of a highly insulin-expressing beta cell population. Levothyroxine increased circulating insulin levels, inducing sustained activation of IRS1-AKT signalling in insulin-target tissues. Levothyroxine-treated C57BL/6 mice challenged with streptozotocin exhibited extended survival. Levothyroxine blunted the onset of EAD in RIP-B7.1 mice by inducing beta cell proliferation and preservation of insulin-expressing cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSInterventions based on the use of thyroid hormones or thyromimetics could be explored to provide therapeutic benefit in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

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“…In the cytoplasm activated MEK also tyrosine phosphorylates STAT1α and STAT3, resulting in their activation and nuclear translocation, further serine phosphorylation of these STATs by the nuclear MAPK maximizes the STAT transcriptional activity [12].…”

Section: Genomic and Non-genomic Effects Of Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Thyroid Hormones in Different Aspects of Cardiovascular System

Hernando¹

2015

Endocrinol Metab Synd

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Besides its metabolic and thermoregulatory tissue effects, thyroid hormones plays a fundamental role in the cardiovascular homeostasis, mediated by genomic and non-genomic effects. Consequently, thyroid hormones deficits, as well as excesses, are expected to result in profound changes in cardiac function regulation and cardiovascular hemodynamics. Hyperthyroidism induces a hyperdynamic cardiovascular state, which is associated with enhanced left ventricular systolic, diastolic function, and the chronotropic and inotropic properties of thyroid hormones. On the other hand; in a hypothyroid state, thyroid hormones deficiency results in lower heart rate and weakening of myocardial contraction and relaxation, with prolonged systolic and early diastolic times. Subclinical hypothyroidism is characterized by abnormal lipid metabolism and cardiac dysfunction; diastolic hypertension conferring an elevated risk of atherosclerosis, and ischemic heart disease. The risk of cardiovascular mortality and atrial fibrillation [but not other outcomes] in subclinical hyperthyroidism is higher among patients with very low levels of thyrotropin. Finally, medications such as amiodarone may induce hypothyroidism [mediated by the Wolff-Chaikoff] as well as hyperthyroidism [mediated by the Jod-Basedow effect]. In both instances, the underlying cause is the high concentration of iodine in this medication.

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Thyroid: biological actions of ‘nonclassical’ thyroid hormones

Cited by 97 publications

References 120 publications

The prevalence of post-thyroidectomy chronic asthenia: a prospective cohort study

The prevalence of post-thyroidectomy chronic asthenia: a prospective cohort study

Levothyroxine enhances glucose clearance and blunts the onset of experimental type 1 diabetes mellitus in mice

Role of Thyroid Hormones in Different Aspects of Cardiovascular System

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