Thyroid disease in the pediatric patient: emphasizing imaging with sonography

Babcock, Diane S.

doi:10.1007/s00247-005-0062-5

Cited by 60 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Thyroid nodules are less common in children compared with adults and are seen in 0.2-2% [1,2]. However, 20-73% of nodules found in children are malignant [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrathyroidal ectopic thymus in children: a sonographic survey

et al. 2017

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Aims: Intrathyroidal ectopic thymus (IET) is being increasingly reported in the radiology literature. Most of the reports are of individual cases or small series and prevalence and natural course of the pathology is not well known. The purpose of this study is to establish the prevalence of IET in children and report long term follow-up results.Material and methods: In 180 children who were examined by ultrasound (US) for other reasons, 7 patients were indentified with IET. Together with the other seven children who were already under follow-up for IET (diagnosed using US criteria), these 14 patients were followed up with US for 30 months. Size, shape, location, echotexture and internal echoes of the lesions were evaluated.Results: There were 16 lesions in 14 children. The most common appearance was a fusiform hypoechoic lesion, with punctate and linear internal echoes and well-defined but slightly irregular borders located posteriorly in the lower thirds of the thyroid. In follow-up, there were no changes in echotexture, shape or border. In 3 patients, the lesion became slightly smaller, in a 10-year-old boy slightly larger, and in an 11-year old boy the lesion disappeared. In a patient with bilateral lesions, one lesion slightly decreased in size.Conclusions: IET in children may be more common than thought. Its growth reflects that of a normal thymus. Awareness of this entity is important in order not to misdiagnose them, especially as papillary cancer, and to prevent unnecessary interventions.

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“…Thyroid nodules are less common in children compared with adults and are seen in 0.2-2% [1,2]. However, 20-73% of nodules found in children are malignant [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrathyroidal ectopic thymus in children: a sonographic survey

et al. 2017

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“…Intra-observer variation was calculated to be 6% (SD ±0.35), which was based on 10 measurements taken by a single person on separate occasions in the same patient. Colloid follicles appearing as small cystic (anechoic) structures of 1–3 mm were occasionally seen within the parenchyma and sometimes contained echogenic foci, a typical finding due to the presence of microcrystals [14]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound Measurements of Thyroid Gland Volume at 36 Weeks’ Corrected Gestational Age in Extremely Preterm Infants Born before 28 Weeks’ Gestation

Turner

Avula

2017

Eur Thyroid J

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Background: Thyroid ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging tool and provides good evaluation of thyroid anatomy, location, vascularisation, and echogenicity. The aim of this study was to assess thyroid function and thyroid volume in extremely preterm infants born before 28 weeks’ gestation evaluated at 36 weeks’ corrected gestational age (CGA) compared to term infants’ normative data in the literature. Design: In this largest prospective UK study of extremely premature infants born at less than 28 weeks’ gestation, thyroid volume measurement was assessed at 36 weeks’ CGA. Fifty-five extremely preterm infants (28 males) who were born before 28 weeks’ gestation were recruited to the study. All infants had ultrasound assessment of the thyroid gland at 36 weeks’ CGA. We also prospectively measured thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT₄) in all infants at the time of recruitment (within 5 days of birth), at days 14, 21, and 28, and at 36 weeks’ CGA. Results: The mean thyroid volume was measured at 0.57 mL (SD ±0.18). There was no association between mean thyroid volume and thyroid function (TSH or FT₄). No associations were found between mean thyroid volume and gestation or birth weight in these infants. Conclusions: Our findings provide a reference range with a mean thyroid volume of 0.57 mL (SD ±0.18) in this extremely preterm age group if less than 28 weeks’ gestation. Thyroid volume at birth can vary from country to country due to variations in iodine intake as well as gestational age.

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“…Its annual incidence is estimated to be between 0.3 and 1.5 cases per 1000 persons, with no significant race-related predominance [27]. Hashimoto's thyroiditis affects 1.3% of children and has a female predominance [40], with a 8 to 9:1 female to male ratio [41]. The disease usually develops in young or middle aged women and leads to progressive thyroid failure [42].…”

Section: A) Hashimoto's Thyroiditis or Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…b) Graves' disease Hyperthyroidism is rare in childhood and is most commonly caused by Graves' disease. It affects 0.02 % of children or 1 in 5000 [40]. The peak incidence occurs from 11-15 years of age with a female predominance.…”

Section: Contrast Enhanced Ultrasoundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid Ultrasound: State of the Art Part 1 – Thyroid Ultrasound reporting and Diffuse Thyroid Diseases

et al. 2017

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Accurate differentiation of focal thyroid nodules (FTL) and thyroid abnormalities is pivotal for proper diagnostic and therapeutic work-up. In these two part articles, the role of ultrasound techniques in the characterization of FTL and evaluation of diffuse thyroid diseases is described to expand on the recently published World Federation in Ultrasound and Medicine (WFUMB) thyroid elastography guidelines and review how this guideline fits into a complete thyroid ultrasound exam.

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Thyroid disease in the pediatric patient: emphasizing imaging with sonography

Cited by 60 publications

References 19 publications

Intrathyroidal ectopic thymus in children: a sonographic survey

Intrathyroidal ectopic thymus in children: a sonographic survey

Ultrasound Measurements of Thyroid Gland Volume at 36 Weeks’ Corrected Gestational Age in Extremely Preterm Infants Born before 28 Weeks’ Gestation

Thyroid Ultrasound: State of the Art Part 1 – Thyroid Ultrasound reporting and Diffuse Thyroid Diseases

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