Thyroid Dysfunction and COVID-19: The Emerging Role of Selenium in This Intermingled Relationship

Gorini, Francesca; Sabatino, Laura; Coi, Alessio; Iervasi, Giorgio; Vassalle, Cristina

doi:10.3390/ijerph19116912

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“…In this context, a number of findings have indicated a relationship between a variety of viruses and thyroid abnormalities/diseases, even though the available published evidence is still inconclusive and too sparse to definitively prove a viral etiology [6,7]. In fact, it is not yet clear whether viruses act as bystanders or whether, through molecular mimicry, they activate the inflammatory cellular immune response and as such elicit thyroid autoimmunity, with adverse events persisting even after the infection has cleared.…”

Section: Hashimoto Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…As of 17 January 2023, a total of 13,131,550,798 vaccine doses have been administered [8]. Actually, as the pandemic was spreading, emerging evidence was reported on the direct consequences of SARS-CoV-2 on various thyroid disorders such as SAT, NTIS and AITDs [6,7]. The amount of information now available may shed light on the matter and could help answer questions that remain unresolved in the relationship between viruses and thyroid pathophysiology.…”

Section: Hashimoto Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

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A Literature Review on SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses in Thyroid Disorders: Environmental Triggers or No-Guilty Bystanders?

Gorini

Vassalle

2023

IJERPH

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A growing number of findings indicate a relationship between COVID-19 infection and thyroid dysfunction. This association is also strengthened by knowledge on the potential of viral infections to trigger thyroid disorders, although the exact underlying pathogenetic process remains to be elucidated. This review aimed to describe the available data regarding the possible role of infectious agents, and in particular of SARS-CoV-2, in the development of thyroid disorders, summarizing the proposed mechanisms and levels of evidence (epidemiological, serological or direct presence of the viruses in the thyroid gland) by which the infection could be responsible for thyroid abnormalities/diseases. Novel data on the association and mechanisms involved between SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and thyroid diseases are also discussed. While demonstrating a clear causal link is challenging, numerous clues at molecular and cellular levels and the large amount of epidemiological data suggest the existence of this relationship. Further studies should be taken to further investigate the true nature and strength of this association, to help in planning future preventive and therapeutic strategies for more personal and targeted care with attention to the underlying causes of thyroid dysfunction.

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Section: Hashimoto Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hashimoto Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

A Literature Review on SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses in Thyroid Disorders: Environmental Triggers or No-Guilty Bystanders?

Gorini

Vassalle

2023

IJERPH

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“…Many reviews have been published in recent years summarizing the ways in which selenium is implicated in numerous pathologies related to thyroid endocrine abnormalities, including autoimmune thyroiditis [ 177 , 178 ], Hashimoto’s thyroiditis [ 179 , 180 ], Graves’ disease [ 181 , 182 ] and Graves orbitopathy [ 181 ], subclinical hypothyroidism [ 183 ], subclinical hyperthyroidism [ 184 ], goiter [ 185 ], postpartum thyroid dysfunction [ 186 ], post-COVID-19 thyroid dysfunction [ 187 ], as well as thyroid disorders in general [ 188 ]. Reviews have also been published highlighting the relevance of selenium to non-thyroidal conditions that remain metabolically pertinent, including metabolic syndrome [ 189 ], type 2 diabetes [ 190 ], gestational diabetes mellitus [ 191 ], and gestational disorders [ 192 ].…”

Section: Signals From Brain To Bodymentioning

confidence: 99%

Selenium in Bodily Homeostasis: Hypothalamus, Hormones, and Highways of Communication

Toh

Nicholson

Vetter

et al. 2022

IJMS

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The ability of the body to maintain homeostasis requires constant communication between the brain and peripheral tissues. Different organs produce signals, often in the form of hormones, which are detected by the hypothalamus. In response, the hypothalamus alters its regulation of bodily processes, which is achieved through its own pathways of hormonal communication. The generation and transmission of the molecules involved in these bi-directional axes can be affected by redox balance. The essential trace element selenium is known to influence numerous physiological processes, including energy homeostasis, through its various redox functions. Selenium must be obtained through the diet and is used to synthesize selenoproteins, a family of proteins with mainly antioxidant functions. Alterations in selenium status have been correlated with homeostatic disturbances in humans and studies with animal models of selenoprotein dysfunction indicate a strong influence on energy balance. The relationship between selenium and energy metabolism is complicated, however, as selenium has been shown to participate in multiple levels of homeostatic communication. This review discusses the role of selenium in the various pathways of communication between the body and the brain that are essential for maintaining homeostasis.

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Hashimoto thyroiditis amid COVID-19 pandemic: a clinical study

Peretianu¹,

Petrova²,

Cârșote³

et al. 2022

RJMM

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During COVID-19 era, a special attention was considered for autoimmune disorders (AD), including at thyroid, which are regarded at higher risk knowing that stress and infections might aggravate the pattern of anti-thyroid antibodies as well as thyroid dysfunction. In this study, we aim to analyse how COVID-19 infection influenced the evolution of HT parameters versus patients with HT who did not go through infection. Study design: an observational, bi-centric study in Romania during first 14 months of pandemic. By the end of April 2022, Romania registered 1,047,520 total cases of COVID-19 infection (a morbidity rate calculated for entire Romanian population of 5.23%) with 27,267 total deaths (a lethality rate of 2.6%) and around 2000 new patients a day. From our database of 2210 HT patients, a number of 386 HT subjects were assessed (14 months). Among them, 33/386 patients had a different form of COVID-19 infection. The prevalence of COVID-19 infection among HT patients was 9.35% which is statistically significant higher when compare with official ratio for entire Romanian population (a morbidity rate of 5.23%, z = 3.162, p = 0.00033). A feminine prevalence was identified (89.37%, N=31/33), while age was not different between subgroups (average age over 50 y). At the moment of diagnostic, thyroid function was similar between the two subgroups (2 = 2.02, p = 0.35). We checked ATPOs levels at every visits. Mean ATPO levels at the diagnostic time was 650 UI/mL in group 1 versus 840 UI/mL in group 2 (both groups had very high ATPO values, normal cut-offs below 34 UI/mL) with not statistical significance difference - student ttest (t), p = 0.16. Group 1: the pattern of ATPO evolution was undulatory in 74.07% of patients, decreasing - 3.7%, increasing - 11.11%, unmodified (stationary) - 11.11%, similarly with group 2, meaning that ATPOs had the same profile, regardless the fact that some subjects went through COVID-19 infection. The rate of associated AD was 28.24% (N=2210), COVID-group of 42.42%, non-COVID group of 38.53% (z = 0.44, p = 0.66). In our COVID cohort of 33 patients with HT, we registered the following clinical stages of coronavirus infection: 4/33 patients who were asymptomatic; all women, average age: 65.65 years; 2/33 patients with lack of smell and taste; women, over 65 years old; 14/33 patients with mild form; from 31 years old to 70.5 years old (only one man); 10 patients with a moderate form; all women, from 34 to 71 years old; one 87-year-old male with a severe form; one 50-year old female with a very severe form in addition to a hematologic disease and a history of severe allergic reactions; and a single patient (a 68-year-old, obese female with a severe allergic background) died of COVID-19 infection (thus generating a lethality rate of 3.03%). Conclusion. Our study showed a higher prevalence of COVID-19 infection among HT patients. These individuals do not associate increased levels of ATPO or a elevated prevalence of AD when compare with non-COVID – HT group, and have similar age and sex ratio. Whether HT exposes the subjects to coronavirus infection is an open issue

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Thyroid Dysfunction and COVID-19: The Emerging Role of Selenium in This Intermingled Relationship

Cited by 3 publications

References 149 publications

A Literature Review on SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses in Thyroid Disorders: Environmental Triggers or No-Guilty Bystanders?

A Literature Review on SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses in Thyroid Disorders: Environmental Triggers or No-Guilty Bystanders?

Selenium in Bodily Homeostasis: Hypothalamus, Hormones, and Highways of Communication

Hashimoto thyroiditis amid COVID-19 pandemic: a clinical study

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