Thyroid hormone levels associate with exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls in adults exposed as children

Curtis, Sarah W.; Terrell, Metrecia L.; Jacobson, Melanie H.; Cobb, Dawayland; Jiang, Victoria S.; Neblett, Michael F.; Gerkowicz, Sabrina A.; Spencer, Jessica B.; Marder, M. Elizabeth; Barr, Dana Boyd; Conneely, Karen N.; Smith, Alicia K.; Marcus, Michele

doi:10.1186/s12940-019-0509-z

Cited by 45 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Some studies have not observed the effect of PCBs on TSH [ 339 , 340 , 341 , 342 , 343 , 344 , 345 , 346 , 347 , 348 , 349 ] and thyroid hormone levels [ 339 , 340 , 341 , 348 , 350 ]. However, other studies have shown an increase [ 351 ] and a decrease [ 352 , 353 ] in TSH, an increase [ 347 , 353 ] and a decrease [ 344 , 346 , 351 , 352 , 354 ] in T3 and an increase [ 342 , 347 , 349 , 353 ] and a decrease [ 343 , 346 , 351 , 352 , 354 , 355 , 356 ] in T4 after exposure to PCBs. Although previous studies have investigated the effect of PBBs on the development of thyroid diseases [ 357 , 358 ], we have found only one study investigating the effect of PBBs on TSH and thyroid hormone levels in euthyroid individuals [ 349 ].…”

Section: Environmental Factors That Influence Tsh and Thyroid Hormone Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels

Leko

Gunjača

Pleić

et al. 2021

IJMS

129

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Thyroid hormones are necessary for the normal functioning of physiological systems. Therefore, knowledge of any factor (whether genetic, environmental or intrinsic) that alters the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones is crucial. Genetic factors contribute up to 65% of interindividual variations in TSH and thyroid hormone levels, but many environmental factors can also affect thyroid function. This review discusses studies that have analyzed the impact of environmental factors on TSH and thyroid hormone levels in healthy adults. We included lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and exercise) and pollutants (chemicals and heavy metals). Many inconsistencies in the results have been observed between studies, making it difficult to draw a general conclusion about how a particular environmental factor influences TSH and thyroid hormone levels. However, lifestyle factors that showed the clearest association with TSH and thyroid hormones were smoking, body mass index (BMI) and iodine (micronutrient taken from the diet). Smoking mainly led to a decrease in TSH levels and an increase in triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels, while BMI levels were positively correlated with TSH and free T3 levels. Excess iodine led to an increase in TSH levels and a decrease in thyroid hormone levels. Among the pollutants analyzed, most studies observed a decrease in thyroid hormone levels after exposure to perchlorate. Future studies should continue to analyze the impact of environmental factors on thyroid function as they could contribute to understanding the complex background of gene–environment interactions underlying the pathology of thyroid diseases.

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Section: Environmental Factors That Influence Tsh and Thyroid Hormone Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels

Leko

Gunjača

Pleić

et al. 2021

IJMS

129

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“…The value for any congener below the LOD in a sample was imputed as the LOD divided by the square root of 2 45 . Previous studies in this population have reported high correlation between PBB congeners, high correlation between PCB congeners, and low correlation between PBB and PCB congeners 46 . The congeners were summed by wet-weight concentrations to give total PCB and total PBB values per person (total PCB = PCB-118+ PCB-138+ PCB-153+ PCB-180; total PBB = PBB-77+ PBB-101+ PBB-153+ PBB-180).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 47%

“…We did not have lifetime PCB data as our exposure variable was only measured in all participants www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ at the same time as the administration of the health questionnaire 7,46 . Also, the age when first exposed to EDC has been shown to be important for the development of health outcomes 3,11,30,46,53 . However, due to the small number of people exposed in utero in this study, this was not able to be analyzed at this time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining Reproductive Health Outcomes in Females Exposed to Polychlorinated Biphenyl and Polybrominated Biphenyl

Neblett

Curtis

Gerkowicz

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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In 1973, accidental contamination of Michigan livestock with polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) led to the establishment of a registry of exposed individuals that have been followed for > 40 years. Besides being exposed to PBBs, this cohort has also been exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a structurally similar class of environmental pollutants, at levels similar to average US exposure. In this study, we examined the association between current serum PCB and PBB levels and various female reproductive health outcomes to build upon previous work and inconsistencies. participation in this cross-sectional study required a blood draw and completion of a detailed health questionnaire. Analysis included only female participants who had participated between 2012 and 2015 (N = 254). Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to identify associations between serum PCB and PBB levels with each gynecological and infertility outcome. Additionally, a generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to evaluate each pregnancy and birth outcome in order to account for multiple pregnancies per woman. We controlled for age, body mass index, and total lipid levels in all analyses. A p-value of <0.05 was used for statistical significance. Among the women who reported ever being pregnant, there was a significant negative association with higher total PCB levels associating with fewer lifetime pregnancies (β = −0.11, 95% CI = −0.21 to −0.005, p = 0.04). There were no correlations between serum PCB levels and the self-reported gynecological outcomes (pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, or uterine fibroids). No associations were identified between serum PCB levels and the prevalence of female infertility in women reporting ever having sexual intercourse with a male partner. There were no associations identified between serum PCB levels and pregnancy outcomes (singleton live births or miscarriages) or birth outcomes (preterm birth, birth weight, birth defects, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, or gestational diabetes). PBB was not associated with any outcome. Further research is needed to determine if and how PCB may reduce pregnancy number. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) are synthetic chemicals that were once used as coolants in electrical equipment and as flame retardants in the manufacturing of plastics and electronics, respectively 1,2. Although the production of PCBs ceased in 1977 and PBBs in 1976, concern over their health effects remains because of their continued persistence in the environment, the pervasiveness of their exposure in

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“…Quite a bit is known about interactions between age and environmental factors of endocrine disruption per se [ 38 – 40 ]. Many studies have found that earlier exposure in the perinatal period leads to the greatest alterations in behavior and physiology [ 41 , 42 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise influences the impact of polychlorinated biphenyl exposure on immune function

et al. 2020

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental pollutants and endocrine disruptors, harmfully affecting reproductive, endocrine, neurological and immunological systems. This broad influence has implications for processes such as wound healing, which is modulated by the immunological response of the body. Conversely, while PCBs can be linked to diminished wound healing, outside of PCB pollution systems, exercise has been shown to accelerate wound healing. However, the potential for moderate intensity exercise to modulate or offset the harmful effects of a toxin like PCB are yet unknown. A key aim of the present study was to examine how PCB exposure at different doses (0, 100, 500, 1000 ppm i.p.) altered wound healing in exercised versus non-exercised subgroups of mice. We examined PCB effects on immune function in more depth by analyzing the concentrations of cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in these wounds inflicted by punch biopsy. Mice were euthanized at Day 3 or Day 5 after PCB injection (n = 3-6) and skin excised from the wound area was homogenized and analyzed for cytokine content. Results revealed that wound healing was not signficantly impacted by either PCB exposure or exercise, but there were patterns of delays in healing that depended on PCB dose. Changes in cytokines were also observed and depended on PCB dose and exercise experience. For example, IL-1β concentrations in Day 5 mice without PCB administration were 33% less in exercised mice than mice not exercised. However, IL-1β concentrations in Day 3 mice administered 100 ppm were 130% greater in exercised mice than not exercisedmice. Changes in the other measured cytokines varied with mainly depressions at lesser PCB doses and elevations at higher doses. Exercise had diverse effects on cytokine levels, but increased cytokine levels in the two greater doses. Explanations for these diverse effects include the use of young animals with more rapid wound healing rates less affected by toxin exposure, as well as PCB-mediated compensatory effects at specific doses which could actually enhance immune function. Future work should examine these interactions in more detail across a developmental time span. Understanding how manipulating the effects of exposure to PLOS ONE |

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Thyroid hormone levels associate with exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls in adults exposed as children

Cited by 45 publications

References 71 publications

Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels

Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels

Examining Reproductive Health Outcomes in Females Exposed to Polychlorinated Biphenyl and Polybrominated Biphenyl

Exercise influences the impact of polychlorinated biphenyl exposure on immune function

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