Thyroid hormones in fetal growth and prepartum maturation

Forhead, Alison J.; Fowden, AL

doi:10.1530/joe-14-0025

Cited by 359 publications

(309 citation statements)

References 141 publications

(143 reference statements)

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“…The offspring from hypothyroid mothers had significantly lower TT 4 and TT 3 levels, until the age of 21 and 28 days, respectively. These findings are in line with data indicating that maturation of TH activity continues up to 4 weeks of postnatal life in rats (Forhead and Fowden 2014). 34.6 ± 1.1 37.9 ± 1.2 FH, fetal hypothyroidism; CSA, cross sectional area; IMT, intima-media thickness; NSMC, nuclei of smooth muscle cells; NEC, nuclei of endothelial cell.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Hemodynamic properties and arterial structure in male rat offspring with fetal hypothyroidism

Ghanbari

Bagheripuor²,

Piryaei³

et al. 2016

gpb

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Abstract. Thyroid hormones (THs) play a crucial role in the development of different systems during fetal life; fetal hypothyroidism (FH) is associated with reduced cardiac function and dimensions in neonates. The aim of this study is to determine whether TH deficiency during fetal life is associated with arterial structural and hemodynamic changes during adulthood. Hypothyroidism was induced by adding 0.025% 6-propyl-2-thiouracil in drinking water throughout pregnancy, while controls consumed only tap water. Hemodynamic parameters, cross-sectional area, intima-media thickness (IMT), and density of nuclei of smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells (ECs) in the aorta and mesenteric arteries were measured. Compared to controls, in the FH group, baseline systolic blood pressure (105.7 ± 3.1 vs. 87.9 ± 3.3 mm Hg, p < 0.01), diastolic blood pressure (64.4 ± 1.7 vs. 53.2 ± 2.1 mm Hg, p < 0.05), and mean arterial pressure (80.9 ± 2.1 vs. 67.1 ± 2.1 mm Hg, p < 0.01) were significantly lower. In addition, in the FH group, intensity and latency of response to phenylephrine were significantly lower and longer, respectively, as were the IMT and density of ECs in the aorta and superior mesenteric arteries. In conclusion, this study showed that TH deficiency during fetal life can have long-lasting functional and histological effects, which can compromise cardiovascular function during adulthood.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Hemodynamic properties and arterial structure in male rat offspring with fetal hypothyroidism

Ghanbari

Bagheripuor²,

Piryaei³

et al. 2016

gpb

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“…However, the foetal production of thyroid hormones remains dependent upon iodide uptake from maternal circulation by the follicular cells of the foetal thyroid gland (Choksi et al, 2003). While T 4 is the most predominant thyroid hormone in circulation (Piosik et al, 1997), with concentrations increasing in the lamb before parturition and declining rapidly within the first few days of life (Forhead and Fowden, 2014), T 3 is deemed the most biologically active (Choksi et al, 2003;Rose et al, 2007). There is a strong relationship between both total the free thyroid hormone fractions with circulating levels of T 3 arising from the de-iodination of T 4 by a selenium containing enzyme, type 1 iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase (Barry et al, 1983;Camacho et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine supplementation of the pregnant dam alters intestinal gene expression and immunoglobulin uptake in the newborn lamb

McGovern

Magee

Browne

et al. 2016

animal

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Excess iodine intake by the pregnant dam reduces lamb serum antibody concentration, specifically immunoglobulin G (IgG). An experiment was conducted to investigate the mechanisms under pinning the reduced serum IgG concentration at 24 h postpartum in the progeny of iodine supplemented dams. Forty-five mature twin bearing ewes (n = 15/treatment) were allocated to one of three dietary treatments as follows: basal diet (Control); basal diet plus 26.6 mg of iodine per ewe per day as calcium iodate (CaIO 3 ); or potassium iodide (KI). Ewes were individually housed and fed from d 119 of gestation until parturition. All lambs received colostrum at 1, 10 and 18 h postpartum via stomach tube. At 1 h postpartum lambs from the control and an iodine supplemented treatment (n = 10 per treatment from control and CaIO 3 ) were euthanised before colostrum consumption and ileal segments isolated to determine the gene expression profile of a panel of genes identified as having a role in antibody transfer. Preceding euthanasia, lambs were blood sampled for determination of serum IgG, total thyroxine and free tri-iodothyronine concentrations. Progeny of CaIO 3 supplemented dams had lower tri-iodothyronine concentrations ( P < 0.01) at 1 h postpartum and lower serum IgG concentrations ( P < 0.001) at 24 h postpartum when compared with the progeny of control dams. Iodine (CaIO 3 ) supplementation of the dam increased the relative expression ( P < 0.05) of the B2M, PIGR and MYC genes in the ileum of the lamb, before colostrum consumption; while the expression of THRB declined when compared with the progeny of C dams ( P < 0.01). In conclusion, the results of this study show that it is the actual inclusion of excess iodine in the diet of the ewe, regardless of the carrier element, that negatively affects passive transfer in the newborn lamb. This study presents novel data describing the relationship between maternal iodine nutrition and its effect on the thyroid hormone status and subsequent gene expression in the newborn lamb; which results in a failure of passive transfer and a decline in serum IgG concentration.

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“…7.1b ). The fetal thyroid gland becomes functional at mid-gestation in humans and late gestation in rodents and initially has low activity (Forhead and Fowden 2014 ). In humans, maternal thyroid hormone may be particularly important for auditory development given that the human auditory system develops to an advanced stage in utero and begins rudimentary function by the third trimester of pregnancy (Moore and Linthicum 2007 ).…”

Section: Thyroid Hormonementioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid Hormone and the Mammalian Auditory System

Forrest

2016

Hearing and Hormones

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Thyroid hormone serves a key role in the development of the mammalian auditory system. Certain thyroid disorders in humans, such as those arising from iodine defi ciency or mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor β ( THRB ) gene, are associated with hearing loss. Genetic analyses in rodent models of thyroid hormone receptors and other factors that mediate the tissue response to thyroid hormone have yielded insights into the underlying cellular mechanisms of action. The cochlea is a major site of action of thyroid hormone during later phases of development when cell types acquire their fi nal form and the physiological properties that allow the onset of hearing. Other sites of action include the middle ear and central auditory pathways. Thyroid hormone coordinates tissue remodeling and late stage differentiation of diverse cell types as the auditory system attains functional status.

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Thyroid hormones in fetal growth and prepartum maturation

Cited by 359 publications

References 141 publications

Hemodynamic properties and arterial structure in male rat offspring with fetal hypothyroidism

Hemodynamic properties and arterial structure in male rat offspring with fetal hypothyroidism

Iodine supplementation of the pregnant dam alters intestinal gene expression and immunoglobulin uptake in the newborn lamb

Thyroid Hormone and the Mammalian Auditory System

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