Thyroid Hormones

Liu, Yanyun; Milanesi, Anna; Brent, Gregory A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813814-4.00021-3

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 167 publications

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“…It can be found in iodothyronine deiodinases (DIOs), which belong to oxidoreductases. This family includes three isoforms of DIOs—DIO 1, 2, and 3, which are responsible for regulating the biological activity of thyroid hormones [ 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 ]. As shown in Figure 2 , they are present in both the fetus and mature organism, controlling the correct course of cell metabolism, growth, and development [ 112 , 114 , 115 ].…”

Section: Biological Activity Of Seleniummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The deiodation process takes place in peripheral tissues, especially in the skeletal muscles, liver, or kidneys, and may be disturbed by too low Se levels in plasma [ 111 , 112 ]. This leads to iodine release disruption, affecting abnormal thyroid function, which plays an important function in the regulation of thermogenesis and lipid metabolism [ 7 , 112 ]. Additionally, a deficiency of both of these elements may lead to impairment of brain function in adults [ 116 ].…”

Section: Biological Activity Of Seleniummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selenium as a Bioactive Micronutrient in the Human Diet and Its Cancer Chemopreventive Activity

et al. 2021

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This review answers the question of why selenium is such an important trace element in the human diet. Daily dietary intake of selenium and its content in various food products is discussed in this paper, as well as the effects of its deficiency and excess in the body. Moreover, the biological activity of selenium, which it performs mainly through selenoproteins, is discussed. These specific proteins are responsible for thyroid hormone management, fertility, the aging process, and immunity, but their key role is to maintain a redox balance in cells. Furthermore, taking into account world news and the current SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic, the impact of selenium on the course of COVID-19 is also discussed. Another worldwide problem is the number of new cancer cases and cancer-related mortality. Thus, the last part of the article discusses the impact of selenium on cancer risk based on clinical trials (including NPC and SELECT), systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Additionally, this review discusses the possible mechanisms of selenium action that prevent cancer development.

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Section: Biological Activity Of Seleniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Biological Activity Of Seleniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Selenium as a Bioactive Micronutrient in the Human Diet and Its Cancer Chemopreventive Activity

et al. 2021

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“…The main THs of vertebrates are triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4), with T3 being the biologically active TH. THs are key regulators of vertebrate development and homeostasis and are involved, for example, in animal growth and metabolism as well as in the regulation of metamorphosis [ 84 ]. THR is dynamically expressed during development of both mollusks and tunicates, which is suggestive of a possibly conserved function in bilaterian development ( Figure 5 ).…”

Section: Thyroid Hormone Receptor (Thr) Signaling Regulates Develomentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear Receptors and Development of Marine Invertebrates

Miglioli

Canesi

Gomes

et al. 2021

Genes

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Nuclear Receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of transcription factors specific to metazoans that have the unique ability to directly translate the message of a signaling molecule into a transcriptional response. In vertebrates, NRs are pivotal players in countless processes of both embryonic and adult physiology, with embryonic development being one of the most dynamic periods of NR activity. Accumulating evidence suggests that NR signaling is also a major regulator of development in marine invertebrates, although ligands and transactivation dynamics are not necessarily conserved with respect to vertebrates. The explosion of genome sequencing projects and the interpretation of the resulting data in a phylogenetic context allowed significant progress toward an understanding of NR superfamily evolution, both in terms of molecular activities and developmental functions. In this context, marine invertebrates have been crucial for characterizing the ancestral states of NR-ligand interactions, further strengthening the importance of these organisms in the field of evolutionary developmental biology.

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“…Triiodothyronine (T 3 ) ( Figure 3) and thyroxine (T 4 ) are two thyroid hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland (73). Thyroxine can be converted to T 3 , which is three to four times more metabolically active than T 4 (74). The thyroid hormones in the blood are mainly present in the form of T 4 with a ratio of T 4 to T 3 at ∼14:1.…”

Section: Effects Of Secondary Metabolites In Brassica Forages On Triimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mechanisms of how GSLs affect thyroid hormones in ruminant animals are not clear, but it is believed to be related to iodine and selenium (74). Iodine is a component of the hormones, while deiodinases involved in the conversion of T 4 to T 3 are selenium-containing enzymes, and thus selenium is essential for T 3 production.…”

Section: Effects Of Secondary Metabolites In Brassica Forages On Triimentioning

confidence: 99%

Invited Review: Glucosinolates Might Result in Low Methane Emissions From Ruminants Fed Brassica Forages

Sun

2020

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Methane is formed from the microbial degradation of feeds in the digestive tract in ruminants. Methane emissions from ruminants not only result in a loss of feed energy but also contribute to global warming. Previous studies showed that brassica forages, such as forage rape, lead to less methane emitted per unit of dry matter intake than grass-based forages. Differences in rumen pH are proposed to partly explain these low emissions. Rumen microbial community differences are also observed, but the causes of these are unknown, although altered digesta flow has been proposed. This paper proposes a new mechanism underlying the lower methane emissions from sheep fed brassica forages. It is reported that feeding brassica forages to sheep can increase the concentration of free triiodothyronine (FT 3) in serum, while the intramuscular injection of FT 3 into sheep can reduce the mean retention time of digesta in the rumen. The short retention time of digesta is associated with low methane production. Glucosinolates (GSLs) are chemical components widely present in plants of the genus Brassica. After ruminants consume brassica forages, GSLs are broken down in the rumen. We hypothesize that GSLs or their breakdown products are absorbed into the blood and then may stimulate the secretion of thyroid hormone FT 3 in ruminants, and the altered thyroid hormone concentration may change rumen physiology. As a consequence, the mean retention time of digesta in the rumen would be altered, resulting in a decrease in methane emissions. This hypothesis on mitigation mechanism is based on the manipulation of animal physiological parameters, which, if proven, will then support the expansion of this research area.

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Thyroid Hormones

Cited by 9 publications

References 167 publications

Selenium as a Bioactive Micronutrient in the Human Diet and Its Cancer Chemopreventive Activity

Selenium as a Bioactive Micronutrient in the Human Diet and Its Cancer Chemopreventive Activity

Nuclear Receptors and Development of Marine Invertebrates

Invited Review: Glucosinolates Might Result in Low Methane Emissions From Ruminants Fed Brassica Forages

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