Thyroid Nodularity in Children

Rallison, Marvin L.; Dobyns, Brown M.; Keating, F. Raymond; Rall, J. E.; Tyler, Frank H.

doi:10.1001/jama.1975.03260100039017

Cited by 139 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Although the Brookhaven studies have maintained that fallout exposure from the BRAVO test affected only the atolls Rongelap and Utrik, additional dosimetry studies have suggested a much wider area of fallout exposure (59)(60)(61)(62). In addition, a retrospective cohort study of over 7000 Marshall Islanders showed that the prevalence of palpable thyroid nodularity (≥ 1.0 cm) decreased linearly with increased distance from the Bikini test site (63).…”

Section: B2b2 Marshall Islandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the combined effects of deviations in more than one of these assumptions were investigated. The detailed results of these sensitivity calculations were provided in the Pilot Study Final Report (pages [55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74]. Based on the results, the following conclusions were reached:…”

Section: Planmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk of Thyroid Cancer in the Bryansk Oblast of the Russian Federation after the Chernobyl Power Station Accident

Davis

Stepanenko

Rivkind³

et al. 2004

Radiation Research

104

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Section: B2b2 Marshall Islandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Planmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Thyroid Cancer in the Bryansk Oblast of the Russian Federation after the Chernobyl Power Station Accident

Davis

Stepanenko

Rivkind³

et al. 2004

Radiation Research

104

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“…Thyroid nodules are uncommon in children before puberty (1.5% or less) (Kirkland et al 1973, Rallison et al 1975, Scott & Crawford 1976, Yip et al 1994, Millman & Pellitteri 1997. Any nodule discovered in such an age group should therefore be viewed with suspicion and the diagnostic approach should be more aggressive in children than in adults (Scott & Crawford 1976, Silverman et al 1979, Ridgway 1991 because they are more often malignant than in adults (Belfiore et al 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children

Niedziela¹

2006

Endocr Relat Cancer

299

291

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According to the literature thyroid nodules are quite rare in the first two decades of life. However, there are some exceptions, relating to areas with an iodine deficiency or affected by radioactive fallout, where the risk of nodules and carcinomas is increased. Therefore, it is a great challenge for the physician to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions preoperatively, and not only in these areas of greater risk. A careful work-up, comprising the patient's history, clinical examination, laboratory tests, thyroid ultrasound, scintigraphy, fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and molecular studies, is mandatory to improve the preoperative diagnosis. The differential diagnosis should also include benign thyroid conditions such as: (i) congenital hypothyroidism due to dyshormonogenesis or ectopy, (ii) thyroid hemiagenesis, (iii) thyroglossal duct cyst, (iv) simple goiter, (v) cystic lesion, (vi) nodular hyperplasia, (vii) follicular adenoma, (viii) Graves' disease and (ix) Hashimoto thyroiditis, all of which can predispose to the development of thyroid nodules. The majority of thyroid carcinomas derive from the follicular cell (papillary, follicular, insular and undifferentiated (or anaplastic) thyroid carcinoma), whereas medullary thyroid carcinoma derives from calcitonin-producing cells. Inherited forms of thyroid cancer may occur, especially in relation to medullary thyroid carcinoma. FNAB is a critical factor in establishing the preoperative diagnosis. However, we should keep in mind the fact that a conventional cytological evaluation can miss the neoplastic nature of a lesion and the employment of immunocytochemical and molecular studies of aspirates from FNAB can give us a more precise diagnosis of neoplasia in thyroid nodules once they are detected.

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“…To begin with, hot nodules are not commonly seen in children and adolescents; even solitary 'non-functional' thyroid nodules are rare among young people, with a prevalence of 0.22% and 1.8% in individuals 9-16 and 11-18 years old, respectively [25,26], compared to adults (4%-5%). Consistent with these studies, Hung [27] previously reported that only 13 of 92 patients aged 3-18 with a solitary thyroid nodule who underwent scintigraphy had a hot nodule, and none presented with a hot nodule and coexisting cancer.…”

Section: Thyroid Cancer In Functional Nodulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine-Lenhart syndrome in two adolescents, including one with thyroid cancer: a case series and review of the literature

Sharma

2017

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Background: The coexistence of functional thyroid nodules and Graves' disease (GD) is a rare condition known as Marine-Lenhart syndrome. Thyroid cancer has been described in several adults, but never in children, with Marine-Lenhart syndrome. This paper discusses the challenges in diagnosis and the unique management of this condition in children, in the context of extant literature. Content: In this case report, two adolescent female patients with Marine-Lenhart syndrome, aged 15 and 16 years, exhibited biochemical evidence of hyperthyroidism, and were found to have unilateral hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules via thyroid scintigraphy. Additionally, both patients showed elevated thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) and increased glandular activity, confirming background GD. Notably, one patient was also diagnosed with intranodular thyroid cancer upon preoperative examination. Both patients were treated via surgical resection. Summary and outlook: Diagnosis of Marine-Lenhart syndrome can be made in patients with functional thyroid nodules and increased glandular activity on thyroid scintigraphy. Standard doses of radioiodine ablation are not effective in the majority of patients and should be avoided due to the increased risk for thyroid cancer, making thyroidectomy the preferred treatment.

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Thyroid Nodularity in Children

Cited by 139 publications

References 11 publications

Risk of Thyroid Cancer in the Bryansk Oblast of the Russian Federation after the Chernobyl Power Station Accident

Risk of Thyroid Cancer in the Bryansk Oblast of the Russian Federation after the Chernobyl Power Station Accident

Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children

Marine-Lenhart syndrome in two adolescents, including one with thyroid cancer: a case series and review of the literature

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