Thyroid Storm Complicated by Multisystem Organ Failure Requiring Plasmapheresis to Bridge to Thyroidectomy: A Case Report and Literature Review

Soomro, Rabail; Campbell, N. C.; Campbell, Stuart; Lesniak, Christopher; Sullivan, Michael; Ong, Raquel; Cheng, Jennifer; Hossain, Mohammad A.

doi:10.15761/ccrr.1000469

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…However, these articles were included because their authors defined cases as 'thyroid storm' or 'thyrotoxic crisis. Tables 1 and 2 show comparisons based on patient sex (154 females and 102 males) [1,9,10,12,. The median age of the patients included in this study was 42.5 years old with an interquartile range (IQR) of 31-58 and there was one patient aged 3 years.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Data Analysis and Systematic Scoping Review on the Pathogenesis and Modalities of Treatment of Thyroid Storm Complicated with Myocardial Involvement and Shock

Elmenyar,

Aoun,

Al Saadi

et al. 2023

Diagnostics

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Thyroid storm (TS) is a rare and fatal endocrine emergency that occurs due to undiagnosed and inadequately treated hyperthyroidism after stressful conditions in patients with thyroid disorders. The objective of this systematic scoping review was to better understand the pathophysiology of TS and its complications, in terms of myocardial affection, tachyarrhythmia, and cardiogenic shock. In addition, we explored the pharmacological, mechanical, and surgical treatments for TS. We also evaluated the outcomes of TS according to sex and cardiac involvement. Additionally, analytical analysis was performed on the selected data. A literature review of peer-reviewed journals was carried out thoroughly using medical terms, MeSH on PubMed, Google Scholar, and combinations such as thyrotoxicosis-induced cardiomyopathy, thyroid storm, cardiogenic shock, myocardial infarction, endocrine emergency, Burch–Wartofsky score, extracorporeal circulatory support, and thyroidectomy. A total of 231 papers were eligible (2 retrospective studies, 5 case series, and 224 case reports) with a total of 256 TS patients with cardiac involvement between April 2003 and August 2023. All age groups, sexes, patients with TS-induced cardiomyopathy, non-atherosclerotic myocardial infarction, tachyarrhythmia, heart failure, shock, and different forms of treatment were discussed. Non-English language articles, cases without cardiac involvement, and cases in which treatment modalities were not specified were excluded. Female sex was predominant, with 154 female and 102 male patients. Approximately 82% of patients received beta-blockers (BBs), 16.3% were placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support, 16.3% received therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), and 13.8% underwent continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVHD), or dialysis. Overall, 18 females and 16 males died. BB-induced circulatory collapse, acute renal failure, CRRT, and ventricular fibrillation were significantly associated with mortality. Awareness of TS and not only thyrotoxicosis is vital for timely and appropriate treatment. The early diagnosis and management of TS in cardiac settings, including pharmacological, mechanical, and surgical modalities, can save high-risk patients. Sex matters in the presentation, treatment, and mortality of this population. However, further large-scale, and well-designed studies are required.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notably, the standard thyroid function tests cannot differentiate between hyperthyroidism and TS. Moreover, the degree of hyperthyroidism is not a criterion for TS diagnosis [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%