Thyrotropin Serum Concentrations in Healthy Volunteers Are Associated with Depression-Related Personality Traits

Frey, Andreas; Lampert, Angelika; Dietz, Klaus; Striebich, Sarah; Locher, Christoph; Fedorenko, Olga Yu; Möhle, Robert; Gallinat, Jürgen; Läng, Florian; Lang, Undine E.

doi:10.1159/000112954

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In accordance with our results, Forman et al (15) found no association between lifetime diagnosis of depression and thyroid function. Frey et al (46) found that low TSH levels in 121 healthy subjects were associated with neuroticism. Perhaps, the differences in results can be explained by the differences in study populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between thyroid function, thyroid autoimmunity, and state and trait factors of depression

Ven

Muntjewerff

Netea‐Maier

et al. 2012

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between thyroid function, thyroid autoimmunity, and state and trait factors of depression

Ven

Muntjewerff

Netea‐Maier

et al. 2012

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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“…Clinical depression occurs in more than 40% of people suffering from hypothyroidism [50,51]. Indeed, low TSH levels in healthy individuals might be linked to an increased risk of depression [52]. Vice versa, patients suffering from depression display higher than expected rates of subclinical hypothyroidism.…”

Section: Depression As An Endocrine Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Mechanisms of Depression: Perspectives on New Treatment Strategies

Lang

Borgwardt²

2013

Cell Physiol Biochem

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6,215

229

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Depression is a multicausal disorder and has been associated with the risk to develop cancer, dementia, diabetes, epilepsy and stroke. As a metabolic disorder depression has been associated with obesity, diabetes, insulin sensitivity, neuropeptide Y, glucose regulation, poor glycemic control, glucagone-like peptide-1, cholezystokinin, ghrelin, leptin, the endocannabinoid system, insulin-like growth factor and gastrin-releasing peptide. As a cardiovascular disease a close relationship exists between depression and blood pressure, heart rate, norepinephrine, sympathetic tone, vascular resistance, blood viscosity, plasma volume, intima thickness and atherosclerosis. Additionally blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, D-dimers, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 protein, platelet activation, VEGF, plasma nitric oxide and its synthase are changed in depressed patients. As an endocrinological and stress disorder depression has been connected with the concentration of free T₄, TSH, CRH, arginine vasopressin, corticotrophin, corticosteroid release and ACTH. Depression as an inflammatory disorder is mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, TNF-alpha, soluble interleukin-2 receptors, interferon-alpha, interleukin 8, interleukin-10, hs-CRP, acute phase proteins, haptoglobin, toll like receptor 4, interleukin-1beta, mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, substance P, cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin-E2, lipid peroxidation levels and acid sphingomyelinase. Nutritional factors might influence depression risk, i.e. the consumption of folate, omega-3 fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, olive oil, fish, fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12. The neurodegenerative hypothesis of depression explains decreased hippocampal volumes in depressed patients and changes of neurotrophic support by BDNF, erythropoietin, GDNF, FGF-2, NT3, NGF and growth hormone. In this context, a fast neuroprotective and antidepressant effect has also been observed by ketamine, which acts via the glutamatergic system. Hence, GABA, AMPA, EAAT, NMDA- and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1 to mGluR8) have gained interest in depression recently. Alternative, causative or also easy available treatment strategies beyond serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition might be a major topic of future psychiatric care. In this review, an attempt is made to overview concepts of the disease and search for perspectives on antidepressant treatment strategies beyond approved medications.

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“…tyrosine is present in high concentrations in many fishes (160% in tuna when compared with chicken) [118,119]. Tyrosine is a biological precursor of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, a component of thyroxine and triiodothyronine (hypothyreosis is common in 30% of depressive patients) and its deficiency has been implicated in depression [119][120][121][122].…”

Section: Special Nutritional Compounds Which Could Influence Depressimentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Aspects of Depression

Lang

Beglinger

Schweinfurth

et al. 2015

Cell Physiol Biochem

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216

134

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Several nutrition, food and dietary compounds have been suggested to be involved in the onset and maintenance of depressive disorders and in the severity of depressive symptoms. Nutritional compounds might modulate depression associated biomarkers and parallel the development of depression, obesity and diabetes. In this context, recent studies revealed new mediators of both energy homeostasis and mood changes (i.e. IGF-1, NPY, BDNF, ghrelin, leptin, CCK, GLP-1, AGE, glucose metabolism and microbiota) acting in gut brain circuits. In this context several healthy foods such as olive oil, fish, fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, poultry, dairy and unprocessed meat have been inversely associated with depression risk and even have been postulated to improve depressive symptoms. In contrast, unhealthy western dietary patterns including the consumption of sweetened beverage, refined food, fried food, processed meat, refined grain, and high fat diary, biscuits, snacking and pastries have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of depression in longitudinal studies. However, it is always difficult to conclude a real prospective causal relationship from these mostly retrospective studies as depressed individuals might also change their eating habits secondarily to their depression. Additionally specific selected nutritional compounds, e.g. calcium, chromium, folate, PUFAs, vitamin D, B12, zinc, magnesium and D-serine have been postulated to be used as ad-on strategies in antidepressant treatment. In this context, dietary and lifestyle interventions may be a desirable, effective, pragmatical and non-stigmatizing prevention and treatment strategy for depression. At last, several medications (pioglitazone, metformin, exenatide, atorvastatin, gram-negative antibiotics), which have traditionally been used to treat metabolic disorders showed a certain potential to treat depression in first randomized controlled clinical trials.

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Thyrotropin Serum Concentrations in Healthy Volunteers Are Associated with Depression-Related Personality Traits

Cited by 22 publications

References 41 publications

Association between thyroid function, thyroid autoimmunity, and state and trait factors of depression

Association between thyroid function, thyroid autoimmunity, and state and trait factors of depression

Molecular Mechanisms of Depression: Perspectives on New Treatment Strategies

Nutritional Aspects of Depression

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