Tic disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder: where is the link?

Roessner, Veit; Becker, Andreas; Banaschewski, Tobias; Rothenberger, Aribert

doi:10.1007/3-211-31222-6_5

Cited by 29 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 216 publications

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“…Tourette Syndrome (TS) is frequently associated with, and is pathophysiologically closely related to, obsessive-compulsive behavior/disorder (OCB/OCD; Roessner et al 2005). TS, with its covert drumbeat of sensorimotor urges and its overt motor and vocal tics (which may give relief from the urges with the consequence of a "just-right" feeling), reveals that in this disorder habit forming systems may form habits of their own (Leckman & Riddle 2000;Leckman et al 2006) -sometimes similar to ritualized behavior.…”

Section: Habit Formation Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why ritualized behavior? Precaution Systems and action parsing in developmental, pathological and cultural rituals

2006

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Ritualized behavior, intuitively recognizable by its stereotypy, rigidity, repetition, and apparent lack of rational motivation, is found in a variety of life conditions, customs, and everyday practices: in cultural rituals, whether religious or non-religious; in many children's complicated routines; in the pathology of obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD); in normal adults around certain stages of the life-cycle, birthing in particular. Combining evidence from evolutionary anthropology, neuropsychology and neuroimaging, we propose an explanation of ritualized behavior in terms of an evolved Precaution System geared to the detection of and reaction to inferred threats to fitness. This system, distinct from fear-systems geared to respond to manifest danger, includes a repertoire of clues for potential danger as well as a repertoire of species-typical precautions. In OCD pathology, this system does not supply a negative feedback to the appraisal of potential threats, resulting in doubts about the proper performance of precautions, and repetition of action. Also, anxiety levels focus the attention on low-level gestural units of behavior rather than on the goal-related higher-level units normally used in parsing the action-flow. Normally automatized actions are submitted to cognitive control. This “swamps” working memory, an effect of which is a temporary relief from intrusions but also their long-term strengthening. Normal activation of this Precaution System explains intrusions and ritual behaviors in normal adults. Gradual calibration of the system occurs through childhood rituals. Cultural mimicry of this system's normal input makes cultural rituals attention-grabbing and compelling. A number of empirical predictions follow from this synthetic model.

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Section: Habit Formation Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why ritualized behavior? Precaution Systems and action parsing in developmental, pathological and cultural rituals

2006

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“…21,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] The risk of developing these symptoms appears to be elevated in patients with mutations near the 3 0 end of the gene with the disruption of more dystrophin isoforms. [22][23][24]26 Although no studies have evaluated the frequency of tic disorders among Duchenne patients, given the significant comorbidity between Tourette syndrome (TS) and psychiatric conditions, such as ADHD and OCD, [31][32][33][34][35] we hypothesize that the incidence of tics is also higher among patients with DMD.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurodevelopmental, behavioral, and emotional symptoms common in Duchenne muscular dystrophy

et al. 2020

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Introduction We studied neurodevelopmental and behavioral/emotional symptoms in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Methods Retrospective case series of neurodevelopmental and behavioral/emotional symptoms obtained through review of systems of 700 DMD patients in relation to dystrophin gene mutations. Results The most common symptoms encountered were emotional/behavioral dysregulation (38.7%), inattention/hyperactive features (31.4%), obsessive and compulsive features (25.0%), and language/speech delays (24.4%). Most patients (72.7%) had at least one symptom. Patients with mutations near the 3′ end of the dystrophin gene were at higher risk for developing inattention/hyperactive features, language/speech delays, and global intellectual delays. Those with mutations between exon 31 and 79 had higher risk of clustering of symptoms when compared with those upstream of exon 30. Discussion Neurodevelopmental, emotional, and behavioral symptoms are common comorbidities in DMD. There is higher prevalence of inattention/hyperactive features, language/speech delays, and global intellectual delays in genotypes affecting the 3′ end of the dystrophin gene.

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“…Although a small proportion of stimulant-induced tics has been reported, it should be noted that tic disorders follow a remitting course and have little, if any, impact on the outcome of ADHD compared with other comorbid conditions, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder or major affective disorders. 44,55 Stimulants are usually an effective and safe treatment for children with ADHD. The potential benefits outweigh the possible disadvantage of precipitating first-onset tics, even in children with a family history of tics who are likely to have a pre-existing disposition.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

First-onset tics in patients with attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder: impact of stimulants

Roessner

Robatzek

Knapp

et al. 2006

Dev Med Child Neurol

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First-onset tics during stimulant treatment of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are clinically relevant and remain a matter of scientific debate. Because there are limited clinical trials analyzing the risk of first-onset tics in stimulant-treated ADHD, a comprehensive evaluation is required for evidence-based clinical recommendations. An analysis of studies with high methodological quality (i.e. double-blind placebo-controlled) on first-onset tics during stimulant treatment of ADHD revealed that there seems to be no elevated risk of first-onset tics in children undergoing this treatment. Although a close temporal relationship might be seen in a few patients, the role of treatment duration, dose of stimulant, genetic vulnerability, and developmental aspects need to be further explored to clarify possible pathophysiological mechanisms of tic emergence under stimulant treatment. The results of high quality studies, in addition to specialized studies with methodological limitations, suggest that stimulants are the criterion standard for the safe and successful treatment of ADHD.

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Tic disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder: where is the link?

Cited by 29 publications

References 216 publications

Why ritualized behavior? Precaution Systems and action parsing in developmental, pathological and cultural rituals

Why ritualized behavior? Precaution Systems and action parsing in developmental, pathological and cultural rituals

Neurodevelopmental, behavioral, and emotional symptoms common in Duchenne muscular dystrophy

First-onset tics in patients with attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder: impact of stimulants

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