Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Diversity in Ixodid Ticks and Small Mammals in South-Western Siberia, Russia

Бахвалова, В. Н.; Chicherina, G. S; Potapova, O. F.; Panov, Victor V.; Глупов, В. В.; Потапов, М. А.; Seligman, Stephen; Морозова, О. В.

doi:10.1089/vbz.2015.1834

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, the common shrew ( Sorex araneus ) and the Northern birch mouse ( Sicista betulina ) were also found in high numbers, with a high percentage of animals found positive for TBEV RNA. The prevalence of TBEV antibodies, as well as the RT-PCR results, found in rodents caught in those areas was considerably higher than in the European studies [79,80].…”

Section: Tbev Prevalence In Wild Small Vertebrate Hostscontrasting

confidence: 53%

“…All these species, except for the field and tundra voles, for which the number of caught animals was far too low to draw any conclusions for the whole population, seemed to be in constant contact with TBEV, showing antibodies as well as positive RT-PCR results to various degrees throughout Europe [63,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76]. In Russia, where the area around Novosibirsk has been the main area of investigation so far, a high prevalence of TBEV was also found in the local Apodemus and Myodes species, namely the striped field mouse ( Apodemus agrarius ) and the northern red-backed vole ( Myodes rutilus ), as well as the grey red-backed vole ( Myodes rufocans ) [79,80]. Furthermore, the common shrew ( Sorex araneus ) and the Northern birch mouse ( Sicista betulina ) were also found in high numbers, with a high percentage of animals found positive for TBEV RNA.…”

Section: Tbev Prevalence In Wild Small Vertebrate Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the Reservoir Hosts of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus

Michelitsch

Wernike

Klaus

et al. 2019

Viruses

106

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Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is an important arbovirus, which is found across large parts of Eurasia and is considered to be a major health risk for humans. Like any other arbovirus, TBEV relies on complex interactions between vectors, reservoir hosts, and the environment for successful virus circulation. Hard ticks are the vectors for TBEV, transmitting the virus to a variety of animals. The importance of these animals in the lifecycle of TBEV is still up for debate. Large woodland animals seem to have a positive influence on virus circulation by providing a food source for adult ticks; birds are suspected to play a role in virus distribution. Bank voles and yellow-necked mice are often referred to as classical virus reservoirs, but this statement lacks strong evidence supporting their highlighted role. Other small mammals (e.g., insectivores) may also play a crucial role in virus transmission, not to mention the absence of any suspected reservoir host for non-European endemic regions. Theories highlighting the importance of the co-feeding transmission route go as far as naming ticks themselves as the true reservoir for TBEV, and mammalian hosts as a mere bridge for transmission. A deeper insight into the virus reservoir could lead to a better understanding of the development of endemic regions. The spatial distribution of TBEV is constricted to certain areas, forming natural foci that can be restricted to sizes of merely 500 square meters. The limiting factors for their occurrence are largely unknown, but a possible influence of reservoir hosts on the distribution pattern of TBE is discussed. This review aims to give an overview of the multiple factors influencing the TBEV transmission cycle, focusing on the role of virus reservoirs, and highlights the questions that are waiting to be further explored.

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Section: Tbev Prevalence In Wild Small Vertebrate Hostscontrasting

confidence: 53%

Section: Tbev Prevalence In Wild Small Vertebrate Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Reservoir Hosts of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus

Michelitsch

Wernike

Klaus

et al. 2019

Viruses

106

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“…Indeed, several human pathogens have been detected in this tick species [36, 48, 51, 66, 67]; however, thorough investigations of the ability of I. pavlovskyi ticks to transmit a wide range of pathogens have not been conducted. In this study, the prevalence and genetic diversity of TBEV, KEMV, B. burgdorferi ( s.l .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cause of the recent expansion of I. pavlovskyi ticks is unknown. Limited data have been reported on the detection of tick-borne pathogens in these ticks, including TBEV, KEMV, B. afzelii , B. garinii and B. miyamotoi [36, 43, 48, 51, 66, 67]. In addition, DNA of A. phagocytophilum and “ Ca.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and genetic characterization of a wide range of infectious agents in Ixodes pavlovskyi ticks in Western Siberia, Russia

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe Ixodes pavlovskyi tick species, a member of the I. persulcatus/I. ricinus group, was discovered in the middle of the 20th century in the Russian Far East. Limited data have been reported on the detection of infectious agents in this tick species. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genetic variability of a wide range of infectious agents in I. pavlovskyi ticks collected in their traditional and recently invaded habitats, the Altai Mountains and Novosibirsk Province, respectively, which are both located within the Western Siberian part of the I. pavlovskyi distribution area.ResultsThis study reports the novel discovery of Borrelia bavariensis, Rickettsia helvetica, R. heilongjiangensis, R. raoultii, “Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae”, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia muris, “Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis” and Babesia microti in I. pavlovskyi ticks. In addition, we confirmed the previous identification of B. afzelii, B. garinii and B. miyamotoi, as well as tick-borne encephalitis and Kemerovo viruses in this tick species. The prevalence and some genetic characteristics of all of the tested agents were compared with those found in I. persulcatus ticks that were collected at the same time in the same locations, where these tick species occur in sympatry. It was shown that the prevalence and genotypes of many of the identified pathogens did not significantly differ between I. pavlovskyi and I. persulcatus ticks. However, I. pavlovskyi ticks were significantly more often infected by B. garinii and less often by B. bavariensis, B. afzelii, “Ca. R. tarasevichiae”, and E. muris than I. persulcatus ticks in both studied regions. Moreover, new genetic variants of B. burgdorferi (sensu lato) and Rickettsia spp. as well as tick-borne encephalitis and Kemerovo viruses were found in both I. pavlovskyi and I. persulcatus ticks.ConclusionAlmost all pathogens that were previously detected in I. persulcatus ticks were identified in I. pavlovskyi ticks; however, the distribution of species belonging to the B. burgdorferi (sensu lato) complex, the genus Rickettsia, and the family Anaplasmataceae was different between the two tick species. Several new genetic variants of viral and bacterial agents were identified in I. pavlovskyi and I. persulcatus ticks.

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“…A report from a study done in Siberia showed that 46.2% (18/39) M. rufocanus (gray, red-backed vole) were positive for TBEV RNA, whereas 78.1% (25/32) M. rutilus had viral RNA in the brain or spleen (Bakhvalova et al, 2016 ). In some samples, the RNA suggested a mixture of the Siberian (TBEV-Sib) and Far Eastern (TBEV-FE) subtypes (Bakhvalova et al, 2016 ); this could potentially lead to the generation of recombinant viruses with altered virulence (Bertrand et al, 2012 ; Fajs et al, 2012 ; Norberg et al, 2013 ). A very high TBEV viral load average of 2.5 × 10 9 RNA copies/mL was reported per organ in M. glareolus (Knap et al, 2012 ), although the levels varied.…”

Section: Tbfv Reservoir Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Mammalian Reservoir Hosts in Tick-Borne Flavivirus Biology

Mlera

Bloom

2018

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Small-to-medium sized mammals and large animals are lucrative sources of blood meals for ixodid ticks that transmit life-threatening tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFVs). TBFVs have been isolated from various organs obtained from wild-caught Myodes and Apodemus species in Europe and Asia. Thus, these rodents are well-established reservoirs of TBFVs. Wild-caught Peromyscus species have demonstrated seropositivity against Powassan virus, the only TBFV known to circulate in North America, suggesting that they may play an important role in the biology of the virus in this geographic region. However, virus isolation from Peromyscus species is yet to be demonstrated. Wild-caught medium-sized mammals, such as woodchucks (Marmota monax) and skunks (Mephitis mephitis) have also demonstrated seropositivity against POWV, and virus was isolated from apparently healthy animals. Despite the well-established knowledge that small-to-medium sized animals are TBFV reservoirs, specific molecular biology addressing host-pathogen interactions remains poorly understood. Elucidating these interactions will be critical for gaining insight into the mechanism(s) of viral pathogenesis and/or resistance.

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Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Diversity in Ixodid Ticks and Small Mammals in South-Western Siberia, Russia

Cited by 26 publications

References 14 publications

Exploring the Reservoir Hosts of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus

Exploring the Reservoir Hosts of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus

Detection and genetic characterization of a wide range of infectious agents in Ixodes pavlovskyi ticks in Western Siberia, Russia

The Role of Mammalian Reservoir Hosts in Tick-Borne Flavivirus Biology

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