Tick-host immunology: Significant advances and challenging opportunities

Wikel, Stephen K.; Bergman, D. K.

doi:10.1016/s0169-4758(97)01126-5

Cited by 108 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Similar findings have also been reported in Central Nigeria (Lorusso et al, 2013). Lower number of ticks on young animals compared to other age groups may signify that young animals are protected by innate age-related resistance which makes them less attractive to ticks than adult animals (Wickel and Bergman, 1997;Sutherst and Schnitzerling, 1982).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Abundance and distribution of Ixodid tick species infesting cattle reared under traditional farming systems in Tanzania

Kerario¹,

Muleya²,

Chenyambuga³

et al. 2017

Afr. J. Agric. Res.

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Ticks and tick-borne diseases are serious constraints to livestock production in Tanzania and other sub-Saharan African countries. Despite this, knowledge on the abundan ce of tick species infesting cattle in most parts of Tanzania is insufficient or lacking. This study was conducted to identify species and establish the abundance of ticks infesting cattle in Mara, Singida and Mbeya regions of Tanzania. The ticks were collected from one side of the body, counted and identified, based on morphological characteristics; to species level. The mean tick count per animal was significantly higher in Mara (35.8±4.3, p=0.0001) as compared to Singida (12.9±2.1) and Mbeya (7.0±0.4) regions. Young animals in Mara (24.7±6.0, p=0.0395) and Mbeya (5.4±0.3, p=0.0252) exhibited relatively lower mean tick counts compared to the weaners (Mara = 33.8±6.5, Mbeya = 7.2±0.7) and adult animals (Mara = 46.3±8.4, Mbeya = 7.8±0.7). Seven tick species from three different genera, namely Ambylomma, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus (including the subgenus Boophilus), were identified. However, only five species (A. lepidum, A. variegatum, R. decoloratus, R. microplus and H. rufipes) were observed in all the three regions. R. appendiculatus and R. evertsi were not found in Mbeya and Mara respectively. The most prevalent species in Mara, Singida and Mbeya were R. appendiculatus (50.5%), A. lepidum (31.2%) and R. evertsi (35.6%), respectively. This study showed the existence of a variety of tick species, most of them being of veterinary importance. Therefore, strategic planning and cost-effective tick control measures should be implemented in order to reduce losses caused by ticks and tick borne diseases in the study area.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Abundance and distribution of Ixodid tick species infesting cattle reared under traditional farming systems in Tanzania

Kerario¹,

Muleya²,

Chenyambuga³

et al. 2017

Afr. J. Agric. Res.

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“…Indeed, earlier work by others indicated that a vectorbased vaccine might be effective. For example, vector saliva can modify the course of infection with bacteria (29,30), viruses (8,10,31), and parasites (32,33). Finally, recent work by Kamhawi et al (34) showed that the bite of uninfected sandflies (this work used Phlebotomus papatasi sandflies; MAX is a protein found in L. longipalpis salivary glands) conferred resistance to a subsequent infection with L. major.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 86%

Sandfly Maxadilan Exacerbates Infection with Leishmania major and Vaccinating Against It Protects Against L. major Infection

Morris

Shoemaker

David

et al. 2001

The Journal of Immunology

204

191

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Bloodfeeding arthropods transmit many of the world’s most serious infectious diseases. Leishmania are transmitted to their mammalian hosts when an infected sandfly probes in the skin for a bloodmeal and injects the parasite mixed with its saliva. Arthropod saliva contains molecules that affect blood flow and modulate the immune response of the host. Indeed, sandfly saliva markedly enhances the infectivity of L. major for its host. If the salivary molecule(s) responsible for this phenomenon was identified, it might be possible to vaccinate the host against this molecule and thereby protect the host against infection with Leishmania. Such an approach represents a novel means of controlling arthropod-borne disease transmission. Here, we report that a single molecule, maxadilan, in sandfly saliva can exacerbate infection with L. major to the same degree as whole saliva, and that vaccinating against maxadilan protects mice against infection with L. major.

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“…Tick salivary proteins enter the host and exert pleiotropic immunosuppressive effects (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9) that could also contribute to the efficient transmission of pathogens (10). I. scapularis salivary protein (Salp) 15 is a pleiotropic inducible Ag that may be responsible for the immunomodulatory action of tick saliva on acquired immune responses (3) and the protection of the causative agent of Lyme disease, B. burgdorferi, against Ab-mediated killing (11), which complements other immune evasion mechanisms by the spirochete (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutting Edge: CD4 Is the Receptor for the Tick Saliva Immunosuppressor, Salp15

Garg¹,

Juncadella

Ramamoorthi

et al. 2006

The Journal of Immunology

114

127

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Salp15 is an Ixodes scapularis salivary protein that inhibits CD4+ T cell activation through the repression of TCR ligation-triggered calcium fluxes and IL-2 production. We show in this study that Salp15 binds specifically to the CD4 coreceptor on mammalian host T cells. Salp15 specifically associates through its C-terminal residues with the outermost two extracellular domains of CD4. Upon binding to CD4, Salp15 inhibits the subsequent TCR ligation-induced T cell signaling at the earliest steps including tyrosine phosphorylation of the Src kinase Lck, downstream effector proteins, and lipid raft reorganization. These results provide a molecular basis to understanding the immunosuppressive activity of Salp15 and its specificity for CD4+ T cells.

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Tick-host immunology: Significant advances and challenging opportunities

Cited by 108 publications

References 38 publications

Abundance and distribution of Ixodid tick species infesting cattle reared under traditional farming systems in Tanzania

Abundance and distribution of Ixodid tick species infesting cattle reared under traditional farming systems in Tanzania

Sandfly Maxadilan Exacerbates Infection with Leishmania major and Vaccinating Against It Protects Against L. major Infection

Cutting Edge: CD4 Is the Receptor for the Tick Saliva Immunosuppressor, Salp15

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