Tickborne encephalitis epidemiology in Estonia, 1950-2004

Kerbo, Natalia; Donchenko, Irina; Kutsar, K.; Vasilenko, Veera

doi:10.2807/esw.10.26.02740-en

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The observed branching order suggests that a change has occurred in the transmission mode within the I. ricinus ('sheep tick') group: the current representatives of the more ancestral virus lineages have their main transmission cycle between ticks and sheep/goats or grouse, while current TBEV-Eur strains cycle primarily between ticks and small mammals. Notably, TBEV is transmitted readily to man also via unpasteurized goat milk and cheese (Kerbo et al, 2005;Holzmann et al, 2009) in addition to tick bites.…”

Section: Rate Of Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rate of evolution and molecular epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Europe, including two isolations from the same focus 44 years apart

Uzcátegui

Sironen

Golovljova

et al. 2012

Journal of General Virology

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Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a member of the family Flaviviridae. It is transmitted by Ixodes spp. ticks in a cycle involving rodents and small mammals. TBEV has three subtypes: European, Siberian and Far Eastern. The virus causes thousands of cases of meningoencephalitis in Europe annually, with an increasing trend. The increase may be attributed to a complex network of elements, including climatic, environmental and socio-economic factors. In an attempt to understand the evolutionary history and dispersal of TBEV, to existing genetic data we add two novel complete ORF sequences of TBEV strains from northern Europe and the completion of the genome of four others. Moreover, we provide a unique measure for the natural rate of evolution of TBEV by studying two isolations from the same forest on an island in Å land archipelago 44 years apart. For all isolates, we analysed the phylogeny, rate of evolution and probable time of radiation of the different TBEV strains. The results show that the two lineages of TBEV in different Ixodes species have evolved independently for approximately 3300 years. Notably, rapid radiation of TBEV-Eur occurred approximately 300 years ago, without the large-scale geographical clustering observed previously for the Siberian subtype. The measurements from the natural rate of evolution correlated with the estimates done by phylogenetic programs, demonstrating their robustness.

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Section: Rate Of Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rate of evolution and molecular epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Europe, including two isolations from the same focus 44 years apart

Uzcátegui

Sironen

Golovljova

et al. 2012

Journal of General Virology

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“…These were mostly family outbreaks and included the involvement of unpasteurised goat's milk (Kriz et al, 2009). Kerbo et al (2005) reported an outbreak from Estonia in 2005 linked to raw goat's milk. An outbreak involving three cases of TBEV infection associated with the consumption of raw goat's milk were reported from Slovenia in 2012 (Hudopisk et al, 2013).…”

Section: Categorisation Of Hazards Into Main Hazards (Results Of Stepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the public health risks related to the consumption of raw drinking milk

report¹

2015

EFSA Journal

120

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Raw drinking milk (RDM) has a diverse microbial flora which can include pathogens transmissible to humans. The main microbiological hazards associated with RDM from cows, sheep and goats, horses and donkeys and camels were identified using a decision tree approach. This considered evidence of milk-borne infection and the hazard being present in the European Union (EU), the impact of the hazard on human health and whether there was evidence for RDM as an important risk factor in the EU. The main hazards were Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Brucella melitensis, Mycobacterium bovis and tick-borne encephalitis virus, and there are clear links between drinking raw milk and human illness associated with these hazards. A quantitative microbiological risk assessment for these hazards could not be undertaken because country and EU-wide data are limited. Antimicrobial resistance has been reported in several EU countries in some of the main bacterial hazards isolated from raw milk or associated equipment and may be significant for public health. Sale of RDM through vending machines is permitted in some EU countries, although consumers purchasing such milk are usually instructed to boil the milk before consumption, which would eliminate microbiological risks. With respect to internet sales of RDM, there is a need for microbiological, temperature and storage time data to assess the impact of this distribution route. Intrinsic contamination of RDM with pathogens can arise from animals with systemic infection as well as from localised infections such as mastitis. Extrinsic contamination can arise from faecal contamination and from the wider farm environment. It was not possible to rank control options as no single step could be identified which would significantly reduce risk relative to a baseline of expected good practice, although potential for an increase in risk was also noted. Improved risk communication to consumers is recommended. SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the public health risks related to the consumption of raw drinking milk (RDM). In particular, the BIOHAZ Panel was requested to identify the main microbiological hazards of public health significance that may occur in RDM from different animal species, to assess the public health risk arising from the consumption of RDM, to assess the likelihood of RDM being a significant source of antimicrobial resistant bacteria/resistance genes, to assess the additional risks associated with the sale of RDM through vending machines and via the internet and to identify and rank potential control options to reduce public health risks arising from consumption of RDM.According to European Union (EU) legislation, "raw milk" is defined as milk produced by the secretion of the mammary gland of farmed animals that has not been heated to more than 40 °C or undergone any treatment that has an e...

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“…To understand the described tendencies and changes in the TBE incidence during the past four-year-period as well as the fluctuation in incidence rates observed particularly during the last decade among European countries, a complex interrelation of several factors has to be considered, such as social, ecological and/or technological factors [15,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. It seems more appropriate to base a discussion of the TBE epidemiology on these factors -the importance of which can vary depending on the country -rather than on climate change alone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An increase of TBE incidence has been observed in the risk areas (both high-and low-risk) in some of the endemic countries mentioned above, especially in the last decade [15,[17][18][19][20]. In addition, new TBE foci have appeared in Europe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

A survey on cases of tick-borne encephalitis in European countries

2008

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Tickborne encephalitis epidemiology in Estonia, 1950-2004

Abstract: The first case of tickborne encephalitis (TBE) in Estonia was reported in 1950 in the south of the country. Since that time, TBE has spread and today it is endemic in Estonia.

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Rate of evolution and molecular epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Europe, including two isolations from the same focus 44 years apart

Rate of evolution and molecular epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Europe, including two isolations from the same focus 44 years apart

Scientific Opinion on the public health risks related to the consumption of raw drinking milk

A survey on cases of tick-borne encephalitis in European countries

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