Ticks in Australia

Abstract

Ticks are blood-sucking parasites of vertebrates that may embed in human skin and are therefore of clinical relevance to dermatologists and their medical colleagues. Depending on the species involved, consequences of tick attachment vary from minor local reactions to significant systemic sequelae. It is possible to minimize morbidity by removing the tick in its entirety as soon as it is detected. Some techniques to achieve this are described. This review will aid clinicians in the recognition and practical management of tick bites in Australia.

An association between tick bite reactions and red meat allergy in humans

“…We infer that the species of hard‐bodied tick most likely to be responsible for these local reactions is Ixodes holocyclus , commonly known as the paralysis tick (Box 2). I. holocyclus is not only the major species of tick found in the northern beaches region of Sydney that affects humans, but is also the species responsible for hypersensitivity reactions in humans 5 . However, a skin‐prick solution comprising paralysis tick antigens has not been standardised, and an in‐house preparation carries a risk not only of anaphylaxis, but also of introduction of tick‐borne disease; hence, there is currently no reliable, safe method of detecting IgE antibodies against I. holocyclus .…”

Animal poisons and the nervous system: what the neurologist needs to know

“…For these patients a canine antivenom is available but its iii42 NEUROLOGY IN PRACTICE www.jnnp.com use should be limited to severe cases because of the number of side effects associated with its use. 10 …”

Review of public health advice about ticks

“…In severe cases the use of an antitoxin may be necessary, 10 but antitoxins should be used cautiously as they may cause allergic reactions. 11 Removal of the tick is an important step in the treatment of tick paralysis. However, an important characteristic of paralysis caused by I. holocyclus is that the condition may continue to deteriorate even after the tick has been removed.…”

“…In up to 70 per cent of cases, a characteristic eschar (dry scab) with a black necrotic centre and red areola is present at the site of the bite. 11 A generalised maculopapular rash (a rash that usually covers a large area, is red and has small confluent bumps) may appear a few days after the onset of the nonspecific symptoms. Clinical diagnosis is confirmed by serology.…”