Tics and Tourette Syndrome

Ganos, Christos; Martino, Davide

doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2014.09.008

Cited by 103 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 108 publications

(116 reference statements)

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“…The use of antipsychotics, while effective in alleviating motor symptoms, also gives rise to considerable side effects (McNaught and Mink 2011; Ganos and Martino 2015). This is due to their interaction with a range of neurotransmitter systems, including the histaminergic, serotonergic, cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic.…”

Section: Treatment Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incidence of “pure” or “uncomplicated” GTS is uncommon, present in only about 10 % of the observed GTS population (Robertson 2000; Faraone et al 2003; Mohammadi et al 2004; Pittenger et al 2011; Eapen and Robertson 2015; Ganos and Martino 2015). In contrast, both OCD and ADHD present with low comorbidity rates, but show a higher prevalence in the general population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on clinical characteristics and comorbidities, GTS may be subtyped into three categories: (1) “pure” GTS, comprised primarily of motor and phonic tics; (2) “full blown” GTS, which included copro-, echo-, and paliphenomena; and (3) GTS+, which includes OCD, ADHD, and other severe psychopathologies such as self-injurious behavior, depression, personality disorders, etc.… (Robertson 2000; Grados and Mathews 2009; Ganos and Martino 2015). Comorbidities may provide the underlying structure for the broad range of phenotypic expression, and as such, are a key variable to explicating the complexity of the clinical profile.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Putting the Pieces Together in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: Exploring the Link Between Clinical Observations and the Biological Basis of Dysfunction

2016

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Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a complex, idiopathic neuropsychiatric disorder whose pathophysiological mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. It is phenotypically heterogeneous and manifests more often than not with both motor and behavioral impairment, although tics are its clinical hallmark. Tics themselves present with a complex profile as they characteristically wax and wane and are often preceded by premonitory somatosensory sensations to which it is said a tic is the response. Highly comorbid with obsessive–compulsive disorder and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, it is purported to be an epigenetic, neurodevelopmental spectrum disorder with a complex genetic profile. It has a childhood onset, occurs disproportionately in males, and shows spontaneous symptomatic attenuation by adulthood in the majority of those afflicted. Although not fully understood, its neurobiological basis is linked to dysfunction in the cortico-basal ganglia–thalamo–cortical network. Treatment modalities for Tourette syndrome include behavioral, pharmacological and surgical interventions, but there is presently no cure for the disorder. For those severely affected, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has recently become a viable therapeutic option. A key factor to attaining optimal results from this surgery is target selection, a topic still under debate due to the complex clinical profile presented by GTS patients. Depending on its phenotypic expression and the most problematic aspect of the disorder for the individual, one of three brain regions is most commonly chosen for stimulation: the thalamus, globus pallidus, or nucleus accumbens. Neurophysiological analyses of intra- and post-operative human electrophysiological recordings from clinical DBS studies suggest a link between tic behavior and activity in both the thalamus and globus pallidus. In particular, chronic recordings from the thalamus have shown a correlation between symptomatology and (1) spectral activity in gamma band power and (2) theta/gamma cross frequency coherence. These results suggest gamma oscillations and theta/gamma cross correlation dynamics may serve as biomarkers for dysfunction. While acute and chronic recordings from human subjects undergoing DBS have provided better insight into tic genesis and the neuropathophysiological mechanisms underlying Tourette syndrome, these studies are still sparse and the field would greatly benefit from further investigations. This review reports data and discoveries of scientific and clinical relevance from a wide variety of methods and provides up-to-date information about our current understanding of the pathomechanisms underlying Tourette syndrome. It gives a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge and addresses open questions in the field.

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Section: Treatment Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Putting the Pieces Together in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: Exploring the Link Between Clinical Observations and the Biological Basis of Dysfunction

2016

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“…Tics are defined as sudden, repetitive, non-rhythmic, involuntary movements and vocalizations [5]. The most common motor tics include eye blinking, facial grimacing, neck stretching, and shoulder shrugging, whereas vocal tics -more appropriately referred to as phonic tics as vocal chords are not always involved -are mainly represented by grunting, sniffing, and throat clearing [6].…”

Section: Tourette Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Histaminergic modulation in Tourette syndrome

Cox

Seri

Cavanna

2016

Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs

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“…In TS, ADHD is the most common comorbidity and affects up to 60% of patients, particularly boys, and its presence is associated with earlier tic onset 47. The prevalence of OCD in TS varies between 19% and 66%, depending on whether obsessive compulsive traits or behaviors are included 47.…”

Section: Comorbiditiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Much Do We Know about Adult-onset Primary Tics? Prevalence, Epidemiology, and Clinical Features

Robakis

2017

Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

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Tics and Tourette Syndrome

Cited by 103 publications

References 108 publications

Putting the Pieces Together in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: Exploring the Link Between Clinical Observations and the Biological Basis of Dysfunction

Putting the Pieces Together in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: Exploring the Link Between Clinical Observations and the Biological Basis of Dysfunction

Histaminergic modulation in Tourette syndrome

How Much Do We Know about Adult-onset Primary Tics? Prevalence, Epidemiology, and Clinical Features

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