Tidally averaged circulation in Puget Sound sub-basins: Comparison of historical data, analytical model, and numerical model

Khangaonkar, Tarang; Yang, Zhaoqing; Kim, Taeyun; Roberts, Mindy

doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2011.04.016

Cited by 39 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Figure upper left panel shows the model domain, which encompasses Vancouver Island completely, allowing tides to propagate into the Salish Sea around Vancouver Island through Johnstone Strait and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The hydrodynamic component of the Salish Sea Model uses the finite volume community ocean model (FVCOM; Chen et al, ) with an unstructured grid framework and has been discussed in detail previously (Khangaonkar et al, , , ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As described in the introduction, water quality in the Salish Sea benefits from the natural presence of a strong estuarine two-layer circulation and water renewal and exchange with the Pacific Ocean. The magnitude of exchange flow is a function of mean water depth (∝H 3 ) and depth averaged salinity gradient (∝ ∂S ∂X ) as presented analytically by Hansen and Rattray (1965), Dyer (1973), and MacCready (2004, 2007 for partially mixed estuaries, by Rattray (1967) for fjords, and more recently by Khangaonkar et al (2011) for Salish Sea subbasins. Future changes to climate, hydrology, and sea level could potentially change the exchange flow through alterations of water depth and salinity gradients.…”

Section: Estuarine Circulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The model simulates water surface elevation, velocity, temperature, salinity, sediment, and water quality constituents forced by river and wastewater inflows, tides, and meteorological drivers such as wind and solar radiation. Figure 1 upper Chen et al, 2003) with an unstructured grid framework and has been discussed in detail previously (Khangaonkar et al, 2011.…”

Section: The Salish Sea Model Overview-hydrodynamics and Biogeochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These data products are typically on a grid (e.g., 30 × 30 km) that cannot adequately resolve coastal nearshore estuarine systems. Site‐specific models such as the Salish Sea Model in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States (Khangaonkar et al, , , ) or the Chesapeake Bay Model in the Mid‐Atlantic region (Cerco & Noel, ; Irby et al, ; Jiang & Xia, ; Ye et al, ) are typical examples of coastal estuarine models that have the required nearshore resolution. They are typically operated in the “hindcast” mode using observed river flow, ocean boundary, and meteorological data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salish Sea Response to Global Climate Change, Sea Level Rise, and Future Nutrient Loads

Khangaonkar

Nugraha

et al. 2019

JGR Oceans

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Given annual occurrences of hypoxia, harmful algal blooms, and evidence of coastal acidification, the potential impacts of climate change on water quality are of increasing concern in the U.S. Pacific Northwest estuaries such as the Salish Sea. While large‐scale global climate projections are well documented, our understanding of the nearshore estuarine‐scale response is not as well developed. In this study, the future response within the Salish Sea fjord‐like environment was examined using the Salish Sea Model driven by downscaled outputs from the National Center for Atmospheric Research climate model Community Earth System Model. We simulated a single projection of 95‐year change under the representative concentration pathway 8.5 greenhouse gas emissions scenario. Results indicate that higher temperatures, lower pH, and decreased dissolved oxygen levels in the upwelled shelf waters in the future would propagate into the Salish Sea. Results point to potential changes in average Salish Sea temperature (≈+1.51 °C), dissolved oxygen (≈−0.77 mg/L), and pH (acidification −0.18 units) in the Y2095 relative to historical Y2000. The algal biomass in the Salish Sea could increase by ≈23% with a potential species shift from diatoms toward dinoflagellates. The region of annually recurring hypoxia could increase from <1% today to ≈16% in the future. The results suggest that the future response in the Salish Sea is less severe relative to the change predicted near the continental shelf boundary. This resilience of the Salish Sea may be attributed to the existence of strong vertical circulation cells that provide mitigation and serve as a physical buffer, thus keeping waters cooler, more oxygenated, and less acidic.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Estuarine Circulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Salish Sea Model Overview-hydrodynamics and Biogeochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salish Sea Response to Global Climate Change, Sea Level Rise, and Future Nutrient Loads

Khangaonkar

Nugraha

et al. 2019

JGR Oceans

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“…These rising temperatures have altered precipitation patterns and increased the rate of glacial melting, causing salinity to decrease in high latitude waters since the 1950s (IPCC, 2013). While these salinity changes are not large in magnitude (~0.5 over 50 years along the Eastern US Coast IPCC, 2013), they could cause the frequency or duration of salinity fluctuations to increase in near-shore ecosystems like estuaries, where even now salinity can drop by 33-67% in a matter of hours (Chaparro et al, 2008b;Khangaonkar et al, 2011). These documented changes are expected to continue in the future, or worsen, with a potentially large impact on many marine ecosystems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

The interactive influence of temperature and salinity on larval and juvenile growth in the gastropod Crepidula fornicata (L.)

Bashevkin

Pechenik

2015

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

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Dynamics of the Chesapeake Bay outflow plume: Realistic plume simulation and its seasonal and interannual variability

Jiang

Xia

2016

JGR Oceans

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The three‐dimensional unstructured‐grid Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) was implemented for Chesapeake Bay and its adjacent coastal ocean to delineate the realistic Chesapeake Bay outflow plume (CBOP) as well as its seasonal and interannual variability. Applying the appropriate horizontal and vertical resolution, the model exhibited relatively high skill in matching the observational water level, temperature, and salinity from 2003 to 2012. The simulated surface plume structure was verified by comparing output to the HF radar current measurements, earlier field observations, and the MODIS and AVHRR satellite imagery. According to the orientation, shape, and size of the CBOP from both model snapshots and satellite images, five types of real‐time plume behavior were detected, which implied strong regulation by wind and river discharge. In addition to the episodic plume modulation, horizontal and vertical structure of the CBOP exhibited variations on seasonal and interannual temporal scales. Seasonally, river discharge with a 1 month lag was primarily responsible for the surface plume area variation, while the plume thickness was mainly correlated to wind magnitude. On the interannual scale, river discharge was the predominant source of variability in both surface plume area and depth; however, the southerly winds also influenced the offshore plume depth. In addition, large‐scale climate variability, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation, could potentially affect the plume signature in the long term by altering wind and upwelling dynamics, underlining the need to understand the impacts of climate change on buoyant plumes, such as the CBOP.

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Tidally averaged circulation in Puget Sound sub-basins: Comparison of historical data, analytical model, and numerical model

Cited by 39 publications

References 27 publications

Salish Sea Response to Global Climate Change, Sea Level Rise, and Future Nutrient Loads

Salish Sea Response to Global Climate Change, Sea Level Rise, and Future Nutrient Loads

The interactive influence of temperature and salinity on larval and juvenile growth in the gastropod Crepidula fornicata (L.)

Dynamics of the Chesapeake Bay outflow plume: Realistic plume simulation and its seasonal and interannual variability

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