“…Moreover, the most effective punishment often comes from third-party observers, such as peers, rather than leaders (e.g., Hollinger & Clark, 1982;Tittle, 1977;Tittle & Logan, 1973;Zimring & Hawkins, 1973). Employees without formal authority can punish their coworkers (or even their supervisors) by scolding, sabotaging, or ostracizing transgressors (e.g., Barker, 1993;Hollinger & Clark, 1982;O'Reilly & Aquino, 2011;Skitka, Bauman, & Sargis, 2005;Struthers, Miller, Boudens, & Briggs, 2001), and standards for these informal forms of punishment rarely exist. In sum, punishment is a common part of social and organizational life for many people, irrespective of their formal responsibilities (Treviño, 1992), and two people who commit the same transgression may receive different amounts of punishment.…”