Tillage effects on N2O emissions as influenced by a winter cover crop

Petersen, SÃ ̧ren O.; Mutegi, James; Hansen, Ebbe Stender; Munkholm, Lars J.

doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.03.028

Cited by 116 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…This was in contrast to our hypothesis that fall rye would lead to the greatest N 2 O emissions because of its extensive fibrous root system. As oilseed radish winter kills, it may have decomposed more quickly than fall rye root tissues, supplying more labile C and N, which could have stimulated over-winter N 2 O emissions (Petersen et al, 2011;Mitchell et al, 2013). Consistent with our result, fodder radish increased overwinter N 2 O fluxes compared with bare soil in Denmark, where air temperatures reached about -6°C.…”

Section: Water Extractable Organic Carbon and Nitrate Dynamicssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Whether cover crops reduce N 2 O emissions during the non-growing season by assimilating ammonium (NH 4 ) and NO 3 is uncertain. In part, this is because cover crops release labile C and N through root exudates and rhizodeposition during their growth phase and freeze-thaw cycles, which can stimulate microbial activity and increase N 2 O emissions (Petersen et al, 2011;Gul and Whalen, 2013;Mitchell et al, 2013). This may counter the crop N uptake and explain why there is no clear consensus on how non-legume cover crops effect N 2 O emissions (Basche et al, 2014 …”

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confidence: 99%

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Non‐Legume Cover Crops Can Increase Non‐Growing Season Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Thomas

Hao

Larney

et al. 2017

Soil Science Soc of Amer J

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Abbreviations: FRC, fall rye with compost; FRF, fall rye with inorganic fertilizer; MDL, minimum detection limit; ORC, oilseed radish with compost; ORF, oilseed radish with inorganic fertilizer; NCC, no cover crop with compost; NCF, no cover crop with inorganic fertilizer; CON, nonamended soil with no cover crop; WEOC, water-extractable organic carbon. P ost-harvest seeding of cover crops reduces the risk of wind erosion and nutrient loss through leaching and runoff during the non-growing season, but how cover crops affect C and N transformations during this time is poorly understood. Although soil microbial activity slows during the non-growing season, this period is particularly prone to N 2 O emissions in temperate regions (Wagner-Riddle and Thurtell, 1998;Dörsch et al., 2004;Ellert and Janzen, 2008;Hao, 2015). Whether cover crops reduce N 2 O emissions during the non-growing season by assimilating ammonium (NH 4 ) and NO 3 is uncertain. In part, this is because cover crops release labile C and N through root exudates and rhizodeposition during their growth phase and freeze-thaw cycles, which can stimulate microbial activity and increase N 2 O emissions (Petersen et al., 2011;Gul and Whalen, 2013;Mitchell et al., 2013). This may counter the crop N uptake and explain why there is no clear consensus on how non-legume cover crops effect N 2 O emissions (Basche et al., 2014 Core Ideas• Nitrous oxide emissions were greater in winter than spring or fall.• Tillage radish increased over-winter N 2 o fluxes.• Non-legume cover crops increased N 2 o fluxes under apparent No 3 limiting conditions.

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Section: Water Extractable Organic Carbon and Nitrate Dynamicssupporting

confidence: 87%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐Legume Cover Crops Can Increase Non‐Growing Season Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Thomas

Hao

Larney

et al. 2017

Soil Science Soc of Amer J

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“…Zero, 1, 2, and 3 h after closure, a 10-ml gas sample was taken from the headspace and immediately transferred to a 6-ml preevacuated Exetainer (Labco, High Wycombe, United Kingdom). Nitrous oxide concentrations were determined with an Agilent 7890 gas chromatograph (GC) system with a CTC CombiPal autosampler (Agilent, Naerum, Denmark), configured as described by Petersen et al (64). Fluxes of N 2 O were estimated with the HMR flux estimation package in R (version 3.2.2; R Core Team), using either linear or nonlinear regression (65).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial N Transformations and N ₂ O Emission after Simulated Grassland Cultivation: Effects of the Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate (DMPP)

Duan

Kong

Schramm

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Grassland cultivation can mobilize large pools of N in the soil, with the potential for N leaching and N 2 O emissions. Spraying with the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) before cultivation was simulated by use of soil columns in which the residue distribution corresponded to plowing or rotovation to study the effects of soil-residue contact on N transformations. DMPP was sprayed on aboveground parts of ryegrass and white clover plants before incorporation. During a 42-day incubation, soil mineral N dynamics, potential ammonia oxidation (PAO), denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA), nitrifier and denitrifier populations, and N 2 O emissions were investigated. The soil NO 3 Ϫ pool was enriched with 15 N to trace sources of N 2 O. Ammonium was rapidly released from decomposing residues, and PAO was stimulated in soil near residues. DMPP effectively reduced NH 4 ϩ transformation irrespective of residue distribution. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) were both present, but only the AOB amoA transcript abundance correlated with PAO. DMPP inhibited the transcription of AOB amoA genes. Denitrifier genes and transcripts (nirK, nirS, and clades I and II of nosZ) were recovered, and a correlation was found between nirS mRNA and DEA. DMPP showed no adverse effects on the abundance or activity of denitrifiers. The 15 N enrichment of N 2 O showed that denitrification was responsible for 80 to 90% of emissions. With support from a control experiment without NO 3 Ϫ amendment, it was concluded that DMPP will generally reduce the potential for leaching of residue-derived N, whereas the effect of DMPP on N 2 O emissions will be significant only when soil NO 3 Ϫ availability is limiting.IMPORTANCE Residue incorporation following grassland cultivation can lead to mobilization of large pools of N and potentially to significant N losses via leaching and N 2 O emissions. This study proposed a mitigation strategy of applying 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) prior to grassland cultivation and investigated its efficacy in a laboratory incubation study. DMPP inhibited the growth and activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria but had no adverse effects on ammonia-oxidizing archaea and denitrifiers. DMPP can effectively reduce the potential for leaching of NO 3 Ϫ derived from residue decomposition, while the effect on reducing N 2 O emissions will be significant only when soil NO 3 Ϫ availability is limiting. Our findings provide insight into how DMPP affects soil nitrifier and denitrifier populations and have direct implications for improving N use efficiency and reducing environmental impacts during grassland cultivation.

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“…As oilseed radish dies over-winter, it likely decomposes more quickly than fall rye root tissues, supplying more labile N (Petersen et al, 2011;Mitchell et al, 2013), which could be mineralized and then oxidized by ammonia oxidizing and nitrifying microorganisms to NO 3 -N over the non-growing season. In our study, the greater soil NO 3 -N concentrations in the surface soil with oilseed radish than amended soils without a cover crop provides evidence that oilseed radish retains more N or results in more N turnover in the plant-soil system.…”

Section: Non-growing Season Nitrate-nitrogen and Ammonium-nitrogen Dymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fall Rye Reduced Residual Soil Nitrate and Dryland Spring Wheat Grain Yield

et al. 2017

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A gronomy J our n al • Volume 10 9, I ssue 2 • 2 017 P ost-harvest seeding of cover crops reduces the risk of wind erosion and nutrient loss through leaching and runoff during the non-growing season, while increasing the biodiversity and resilience of prairie cropping systems (Martens et al., 2015). Yet, few studies have directly investigated late-summer to-fall seeded cover crop management practices in semiarid regions (e.g., Moyer and Blackshaw, 2009;Blackshaw et al., 2010;Liebig et al., 2015; Th omas et al., 2016a), which constrains their adoption by farmers (Liebig et al., 2015). A better understanding of how cover crop management practices impact subsequent annual crop performance could provide important knowledge to advance the use of cover crops in semiarid regions of North America.Th orup-Kristensen (1993) coined the term "pre-emptive competition" to describe the eff ect whereby cover crops assimilate N, but then decompose and mineralize too slowly to supply the retained N to the succeeding crop. Th us, the N supply to the subsequent crop depends on complex interactions among the cover crop characteristics, soil and climatic properties, and the succeeding crop itself (Th orup- Kristensen et al., 2003). For instance, oilseed radish decomposed more quickly than barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in southern Manitoba (Halde and Entz, 2016), while glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]-killed fall rye consistently reduced unfertilized spring wheat yield relative to no cover crop in southern Alberta (Moyer and Blackshaw, 2009). Whether oilseed radish may scavenge N as effi ciently as fall rye and subsequently decompose and mineralize to supply N to the succeeding crop has not been determined in southern Alberta.Fall rye and oilseed radish are two contrasting cover crops. Fall rye is a perennial monocotyledon with an extensive fi brous root system, while oilseed radish is an annual dicotyledon with a large taproot. Fall rye must be killed prior to planting the succeeding cash crop, chemical burndown (herbicide treatment) in spring being a common method, whereas oilseed A quadratic function explained 93% of the variability between pre-plant soil NH 4 -N plus NO 3 -N (0-7.5-cm depth) and spring wheat grain yield in 2014, indicating that the N supply limited spring wheat grain yield. We conclude that fall rye scavenged residual NO 3 -N better than oilseed radish during the non-growing season, particularly during the spring period when this perennial species assimilates N, but under semiarid conditions it may decompose and mineralize too slowly to supply N at the right time for the subsequent crop, while oilseed radish tended to boost spring wheat grain yield.

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Tillage effects on N2O emissions as influenced by a winter cover crop

Cited by 116 publications

References 45 publications

Non‐Legume Cover Crops Can Increase Non‐Growing Season Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Non‐Legume Cover Crops Can Increase Non‐Growing Season Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Microbial N Transformations and N ₂ O Emission after Simulated Grassland Cultivation: Effects of the Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate (DMPP)

Fall Rye Reduced Residual Soil Nitrate and Dryland Spring Wheat Grain Yield

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Tillage effects on N2O emissions as influenced by a winter cover crop

Cited by 116 publications

References 45 publications

Non‐Legume Cover Crops Can Increase Non‐Growing Season Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Non‐Legume Cover Crops Can Increase Non‐Growing Season Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Microbial N Transformations and N 2 O Emission after Simulated Grassland Cultivation: Effects of the Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate (DMPP)

Fall Rye Reduced Residual Soil Nitrate and Dryland Spring Wheat Grain Yield

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Microbial N Transformations and N ₂ O Emission after Simulated Grassland Cultivation: Effects of the Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate (DMPP)