Tillage, Glyphosate and Beneficial Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Optimising Crop Management for Plant–Fungal Symbiosis

Wilkes, Thomas I; Warner, Douglas; Davies, Keith; Edmonds-Brown, Veronica

doi:10.3390/agriculture10110520

Cited by 24 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…in some of the pot experiments described, is not easily transferable to the field because natural regrowth could be competitive in the growth of the crop being protected. In our experience, if judiciously employed, with the appropriate timing and application rate per unit area of the active ingredient, the advantages of using herbicide in these circumstances supplant any possible inconvenience, as confirmed by Wilkes et al, (2020). We applied Glyphosate in our experiments as it is the most commonly used herbicide on arable farms and has been subject to considerable investigation of its effects on AMF.…”

Section: Ag Ronomi C Us E Of Amf and Its Fun C Tional Diver S It Ymentioning

confidence: 90%

Managing the functional diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for the sustainable intensification of crop production

Brito

Carvalho

Goss

2021

Plants People Planet

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Societal Impact Statement The need to increase food production with reduced use of resources and environmental impact demands innovative rethinking and evolution of cropping systems. The essential changes required are consistent with sustaining arbuscular mycorrhiza, which, together with their associated microorganisms, could be managed to play an important role, especially in the protection of crops against abiotic and biotic stresses. Mycorrhiza should be included in agronomic decision processes, where chemical options to protect crops are limited or require the use of large applications. Defining rotational plant sequence or using cover crops and adopting reduced or no‐till techniques are key components of a strategy for a consistent and predictable way of manipulating the native inoculum to capitalize on the manifold benefits potentially provided by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi through their functional diversity. Summary Despite the wide range of benefits arbuscular mycorrhiza can confer, they are not usually considered in large‐scale farming systems because the potential improvements in crop yields through the enhanced uptake of nutrients is a matter of debate and the advantages from the bio‐protection afforded against biotic and abiotic stresses have not been adequately recognised. Research carried out by our group over the last 20 years has allowed the development of a strategy based on the intentional use of selected host plants (Developer plants), to develop an extensive extraradical mycelium which, when kept intact by the adoption of appropriate tillage techniques, acts as preferential source of inoculum for the following crop, leading to earlier and faster colonization by AM fungi. Depending on the particular host plant chosen as Developer, this strategy can also be used as a tool to manage AMF functional diversity. Using this approach, we have achieved effective protection against abiotic (Mn soil toxicity) and biotic (Fusarium oxysporum and Magnaporthiopsis maydis) stresses in different crops. The strategy can easily be applied at field scale, both in low and high input cropping systems. It only requires small changes to the cropping system, such as employing no‐till and altered crop rotation or cover crops, that are simple to adopt and can realistically be implemented at the field level. This represents an important breakthrough as it allows intentional and predictable manipulation of the native soil mycorrhizal population over a range of different soils and circumstances.

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Section: Ag Ronomi C Us E Of Amf and Its Fun C Tional Diver S It Ymentioning

confidence: 90%

Managing the functional diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for the sustainable intensification of crop production

Brito

Carvalho

Goss

2021

Plants People Planet

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“…The aerobic soil conditions created by soil inversion, however, benefit the gram positive PGPR [s] B. amyloliquefaciens [ 33 ], noted to benefit plant growth at earlier growth stages by [ 17 ] and the later growth stages in this study. Wilkes et al [ 34 ] also report the detrimental impact of the herbicide glyphosate on AM fungi although they do not quantify the impact on PGPR. Glyphosate inhibits critical enzyme function within plants, namely the enzyme 5-endolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase via the Shikimate pathway [ 35 , 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Tripartite Rhizobacteria-AM Fungal-Host Plant Relationship in Winter Wheat: Impact of Multi-Species Inoculation, Tillage Regime and Naturally Occurring Rhizobacteria Species

Wilkes

Warner

Edmonds-Brown

et al. 2021

Plants

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Soils and plant root rhizospheres have diverse microorganism profiles. Components of this naturally occurring microbiome, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), may be beneficial to plant growth. Supplementary application to host plants of AM fungi and PGPR either as single species or multiple species inoculants has the potential to enhance this symbiotic relationship further. Single species interactions have been described; the nature of multi-species tripartite relationships between AM fungi, PGPR and the host plant require further scrutiny. The impact of select Bacilli spp. rhizobacteria and the AM fungus Rhizophagus intraradices as both single and combined inoculations (PGPR[i] and AMF[i]) within field extracted arable soils of two tillage treatments, conventional soil inversion (CT) and zero tillage (ZT) at winter wheat growth stages GS30 and GS39 have been conducted. The naturally occurring soil borne species (PGPR[s] and AMF[s]) have been determined by qPCR analysis. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were evident between inocula treatments and the method of seedbed preparation. A positive impact on wheat plant growth was noted for B. amyloliquefaciens applied as both a single inoculant (PGPR[i]) and in combination with R. intraradices (PGPR[i] + AMF[i]); however, the two treatments did not differ significantly from each other. The findings are discussed in the context of the inocula applied and the naturally occurring soil borne PGPR[s] present in the field extracted soil under each method of tillage.

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“…Glomalin concentrations were however higher in the ZT treatment (111 µg mL −1 ) relative to soils in which CT (66 µg mL −1 ) was applied. The soil inversion used in CT physically damages the AM fungi mycelial networks, reducing both AM fungal abundance and glomalin production [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Existing literature regarding the association of B. amyloliquefaciences and the production of soil glomalin from AM fungi is sparse.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Arbuscules facilitate the transfer of soil nutrients acquired by AM fungal mycelia to the plant roots [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ], as well as further enhancing glomalin due to increasing the fungal biomass. The greater proliferation of AM fungi root symbiotic structures increases the plant root surface area, allowing for less plant derived resources required for root growth and development to assimilate the same quantity of nutrients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species-Specific Interactions of Bacillus Innocula and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Symbiosis with Winter Wheat

et al. 2020

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi establish close interactions with host plants, an estimated 80% of vascular plant species. The host plant receives additional soil bound nutrients that would otherwise not be available. Other components of the microbiome, such as rhizobacteria, may influence interactions between AM fungi and the host plant. Within a commercial arable crop selected rhizobacteria in combination with AM fungi may benefit crop yields. The precise nature of interactions between rhizobacteria and AM fungi in a symbiotic relationship overall requires greater understanding. The present study aims to assess this relationship by quantifying: (1) AM fungal intracellular root structures (arbuscules) and soil glomalin as an indicator of AM fungal growth; and (2) root length and tiller number as a measure of crop growth, in response to inoculation with one of three species of Bacillus: B. amyloliquefaciences, B. pumilis, or B. subtilis. The influence of soil management, conventional (CT) or zero tillage (ZT) was a further variable evaluated. A significant (p < 0.0001) species-specific impact on the number of quantifiable AM fungal arbuscules was observed. The inoculation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) with B. amyloliquefaciences had a positive impact on AM fungal symbiosis, as indicated by an average of 3226 arbuscules per centimetre of root tissue. Bacillus subtilis increased root length significantly (p < 0.01) but decreased fungal symbiosis (p < 0.01). The inoculation of field soils altered the concentration of glomalin, an indicator of AM fungal growth, significantly (p < 0.00001) for each tillage treatment. The greatest increase was associated with B. amyloliquefaciences for both CT (p < 0.0001) and ZT (p < 0.00001). Bacillus subtilis reduced measured glomalin significantly in both tillage treatments (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.00001 for CT and ZT respectively). The interaction between rhizobacteria and AM fungi is variable, being beneficial or detrimental depending on species. This relationship was evident in both tillage treatments and has important implications for maximizing symbiosis in the crop plant-microbiome present in agricultural systems.

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Tillage, Glyphosate and Beneficial Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Optimising Crop Management for Plant–Fungal Symbiosis

Cited by 24 publications

References 40 publications

Managing the functional diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for the sustainable intensification of crop production

Managing the functional diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for the sustainable intensification of crop production

The Tripartite Rhizobacteria-AM Fungal-Host Plant Relationship in Winter Wheat: Impact of Multi-Species Inoculation, Tillage Regime and Naturally Occurring Rhizobacteria Species

Species-Specific Interactions of Bacillus Innocula and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Symbiosis with Winter Wheat

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