Tilt and azimuth angles in solar energy applications – A review

Hafez, A.Z.; Soliman, A.; El-Metwally, K.A.; Ismail, Ibrahim

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.131

Cited by 180 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…These results are in good agreement with the results of the reviews by Yadav [41] and Hafez [42] that also find the optimal tilt angle to vary significantly depending on the method used for determining it. The differences in energy gains presented in [41] between optimal yearly, seasonal and monthly tilt angles are found to be in the same range that is perceivable in Figures 5 and 6.…”

Section: Transposition Modelssupporting

confidence: 90%

Influence of Various Irradiance Models and Their Combination on Simulation Results of Photovoltaic Systems

Hofmann

Seckmeyer

2017

Energies

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Abstract:We analyze the output of various state-of-the-art irradiance models for photovoltaic systems. The models include two sun position algorithms, three types of input data time series, nine diffuse fraction models and five transposition models (for tilted surfaces), resulting in 270 different model chains for the photovoltaic (PV) system simulation. These model chains are applied to 30 locations worldwide and three different module tracking types, totaling in 24,300 simulations. We show that the simulated PV yearly energy output varies between −5% and +8% for fixed mounted PV modules and between −26% and +14% for modules with two-axis tracking. Model quality varies strongly between locations; sun position algorithms have negligible influence on the simulation results; diffuse fraction models add a lot of variability; and transposition models feature the strongest influence on the simulation results. To highlight the importance of irradiance with high temporal resolution, we present an analysis of the influence of input temporal resolution and simulation models on the inverter clipping losses at varying PV system sizing factors for Lindenberg, Germany. Irradiance in one-minute resolution is essential for accurately calculating inverter clipping losses.

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Section: Transposition Modelssupporting

confidence: 90%

Influence of Various Irradiance Models and Their Combination on Simulation Results of Photovoltaic Systems

Hofmann

Seckmeyer

2017

Energies

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“…In the meantime, three values of θ (10°, 20°, and 30°) were considered in the experiments. Roof‐integrated PV panels are usually installed with their yearly optimum tilt angles to maximize incident solar radiation, and it is infrequent for these angles to be less than 10° according to previous studies . Meanwhile, significant structural damage was observed on the PV panels in the pretests with θ < 10° due to the narrow space between the panel and the fire source.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of flat roof–integrated solar photovoltaic installation mode on building fire safety

Zhou

Gong

et al. 2019

Fire and Materials

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Summary This paper quantifies experimentally the fire‐induced reradiation to roof surface created by flame extension on the back of the flat roof–integrated photovoltaic (PV) array. A gas burner underneath the tilted PV panels was employed as the fire source. The effects of the PV tilt angle, distance from PV panel to roof, and fire heat release rate (HRR) were investigated. The flame extension geometries and flame reradiation heat flux distribution were recorded. The results show that the flame extension length and vertical thickness (ie, the vertical distance from the back surface of the PV panel to the extension flame profile) are reduced with the increase of PV tilt angle and panel‐roof distance but are increased with increases in the fire HRR. A unified nondimensional HRR coupled with all these factors is proposed to quantify the flame extension geometry. Furthermore, a general equation based on the physical relationship between flame radiation and flame geometry is developed to characterize the distribution of reradiation heat flux on the roof surface with the nondimensional local flame thickness. Finally, suggestions regarding PV installations on flat roofs and the selection of roofing materials are given to decrease the possibility of flame propagation underneath the PV arrays.

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“…At last, the optimal angle to be considered to any installation site in Portugal can be estimated to be 35 degrees indicated in [23].…”

Section: Experimental Set-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical and Economic Assessment of a 450 W Autonomous Photovoltaic System with Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Storage

Carriço¹,

Fernandes

et al. 2017

J. sustain. dev. energy water environ. syst.

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This paper presents a study about an autonomous photovoltaic system making use of the novel Lithium Iron Phosphate as a battery pack for isolated rural houses. More particularly, this paper examines the behavior and efficiency of a low-cost isolated photovoltaic system for typical rural houses near Luena in Angola. The proposed system (solar panel, batteries, controller, and inverter) has been projected having in mind the required household daily load of 1,300 Wh and available solar irradiance. The initial batteries charging revealed to be essential to not only ensure a long battery life but using a balanced pack it was possible to achieve more stored energy. On-site, the polycrystalline solar panels used showed a daily average efficiency of 10.8%, with the total system having 75% efficiency. This result was adjusted to the average temperature in Angola. This way, it was made an extrapolation to the monthly irradiation values in Angola. The results achieved showed good energy production during almost all year except January and December, which revealed critical production values of 1,356 Wh and 1,311 Wh, respectively. These values are too close to the daily consumed energy and indicate the addition of a 2 nd alternative source of energy (wind generator, diesel generator, etc.) to be explored further. KEYWORDSAngola, Autonomous/Off-grid photovoltaic system, System efficiency, Lithium iron phosphate battery.

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Tilt and azimuth angles in solar energy applications – A review

Cited by 180 publications

References 170 publications

Influence of Various Irradiance Models and Their Combination on Simulation Results of Photovoltaic Systems

Influence of Various Irradiance Models and Their Combination on Simulation Results of Photovoltaic Systems

Impact of flat roof–integrated solar photovoltaic installation mode on building fire safety

Technical and Economic Assessment of a 450 W Autonomous Photovoltaic System with Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Storage

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