Time-Accuracy Relationships in Young and Old Adults

Salthouse, Timothy A.; Somberg, Benjamin L.

doi:10.1093/geronj/37.3.349

Cited by 52 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Because the emphasis of this study is on the differential effects of AD and HD on mental rotation, specific analyses comparing the two control groups to one another were not summarized. However, clear age differences did emerge in this study, consistent with the welldocumented finding in the literature that aging is associated with slower speed of processing and reaction times on many tasks (Cerella, 1985;Salthouse & Somberg, 1982;Simon & Pouraghabagher, 1978;Strayer et al, 1987), including mental rotation (Dollinger, 1995;Dror & Kosslyn, 1994;Hertzog & Rypma, 1991;Hertzog et al, 1993;Puglisi & Morrell, 1986). Although in absolute terms HD patients were not slower than AD patients, they performed mental rotation at essentially the same speed as neurologically intact individuals that, on average, were more than 30 years older, rather than at the speed expected from individuals their age.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…responses cannot be accounted for by a higher incidence of long-latency errors in this group. The possibility that speed/accuracy tradeoffs impacted the results at an individual level cannot be completely ruled out, however, and individual speed/accuracy operating characteristics (Hertzog et al, 1993;Lohman, 1989;Salthouse & Somberg, 1982;Wicklegren, 1977) should be examined in future studies. The presence of a double dissociation also suggests that the results are not simply a reflection of greater severity of dementia in the AD patients compared to the HD patients, and this conclusion is supported by the fact that the two groups were similarly impaired on basic visuospatial tasks (i.e., Judgement of Line Orientation Test, Figure Matching Test).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential effects of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease on the performance of mental rotation

Lineweaver

Salmon

Bondi

et al. 2005

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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The ability to spatially rotate a mental image was compared in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 18) and patients with Huntington's disease (HD; n = 18). Compared to their respective age-matched normal control (NC) group, the speed, but not the accuracy, of mental rotation abnormally decreased with increasing angle of orientation for patients with HD. In contrast, the accuracy, but not the speed, of rotation abnormally decreased with increasing angle of orientation for patients with AD. Additional analyses showed that these unique patterns of performance were not attributable to different speed/accuracy trade-off sensitivities. This double dissociation suggests that the distinct brain regions affected in the two diseases differentially contribute to speed and accuracy of mental rotation. Specifically, the slowing exhibited by HD patients may be mediated by damage to the basal ganglia, whereas the spatial manipulation deficit of AD patients may reflect pathology in parietal and temporal lobe association cortices important for visuospatial processing. (JINS, 2005, 11, 30-39.) 2

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential effects of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease on the performance of mental rotation

Lineweaver

Salmon

Bondi

et al. 2005

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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“…This can be explained by referring to the generalized slowing of perceptual, decision and motor processes [1] . The alternative hypothesis of an age-related difference in the speed-accuracy setpoint did not fi t with the present data, since the rate of erroneous key-press in absence of the target letter did not vary with age [21] . The specifi c question addressed in this study was whether the expected worse RT performance of older adults is at least partially attributable to a deterioration of visual attentional focusing.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 90%

“…Both RT and error data were submitted to analysis in order to control for age-related differences in speed-accuracy trade-off setpoint [21] .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Aging on Visual Attentional Focusing

Pesce

Guidetti²,

Baldari³

et al. 2005

Gerontology

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Background: Visual attentional performance is affected by aging, but there are methodological barriers to the understanding of this phenomenon that are due, above all, to the concomitant deterioration of sensory or central factors such as visual acuity and information processing speed. Objective: The aim of the present study was to verify the effects of aging on visual attentional focusing by analyzing the space- and object-based components as well as the exogenous and endogenous dimensions of the attentional allocation. Methods: Focusing of visual attention was investigated in 14 youngsters, 14 younger adults and 14 older adults (age ranges 12–15, 24–38 and 60–75 years, respectively). In two discrimination reaction time (RT) experiments, attention was cued by means of spatial cues of different size followed by compound stimuli at a shorter (150 ms) and a longer (500 ms) stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA). The compound stimuli contained a predefined target letter at a local or global level. Results: Older adults showed generally slower RTs and higher rates of delayed responses than younger individuals and reduced discrimination speed of local objects at 150-ms SOA, particularly when attention was invalidly cued to focus at a larger spatial scale. Conclusions: This pattern of results suggests that aging causes a dysfunction of the space-based and the object-based components of the attentional ‘zooming in’. Such information may be of practical relevance for developing attentional training programs for older adults.

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“…The lack of preparatory changes in corticospinal facilitation, therefore, may reflect a strategy adopted by older adults to reduce the likelihood of behavioral errors caused by making a response to a nogo signal. The prioritization of accuracy over speed in older adults has been noted in a number of contexts (e.g., Smith & Brewer, 1995;Goggin & Stelmach, 1990;Salthouse & Somberg, 1982). The two groups of participants did not show statistically significant differences in intracortical inhibition (SICI) across the two response types and TMS intervals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Age-related Differences in Corticomotor Excitability and Inhibitory Processes during a Visuomotor RT Task

Fujiyama

Hinder

Schmidt

et al. 2012

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Abstract■ This study tested the postulation that change in the ability to modulate corticospinal excitability and inhibitory processes underlie age-related differences in response preparation and generation during tasks requiring either rapid execution of a motor action or actively withholding that same action. Younger (n = 13, mean age = 26.0 years) and older adults (n = 13, mean age = 65.5 years) performed an RT task in which a warning signal ( WS) was followed by an imperative signal (IS) to which participants were required to respond with a rapid flexion of the right thumb (go condition) or withhold their response (no-go condition). We explored the neural correlates of response preparation, generation, and inhibition using single-and paired-pulse TMS, which was administered at various times between WS and IS (response preparation phase) and between IS and onset of response-related muscle activity in the right thumb (response generation phase). Both groups exhibited increases in motorevoked potential amplitudes (relative to WS onset) during response generation; however, this increase began earlier and was more pronounced for the younger adults in the go condition. Moreover, younger adults showed a general decrease in shortinterval intracortical inhibition during response preparation in both the go and no-go conditions, which was not observed in older adults. Importantly, correlation analysis suggested that for older adults the task-related increases of corticospinal excitability and intracortical inhibition were associated with faster RT. We propose that the declined ability to functionally modulate corticospinal activity with advancing age may underlie response slowing in older adults. ■

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Time-Accuracy Relationships in Young and Old Adults

Cited by 52 publications

References 5 publications

Differential effects of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease on the performance of mental rotation

Differential effects of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease on the performance of mental rotation

Effects of Aging on Visual Attentional Focusing

Age-related Differences in Corticomotor Excitability and Inhibitory Processes during a Visuomotor RT Task

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