Time after Time: Longitudinal Trends in Nostalgic Listening

Abstract

Nostalgia was once considered a medical disease but is now understood as a beneficial, identity-affirming emotion. Yet what induces feelings of nostalgia is not fully understood. Are nostalgic feelings prompted by changes in a person’s life, and do certain events prompt nostalgia across whole populations? In this paper, we analyze when people listen to nostalgic music. We use data from a large, cross-national survey to train a classifier to detect which tracks are nostalgic for individual listeners. We then analyze a comprehensive dataset of listening histories from a 5.5 year period. Despite it being a complex concept, we were able to predict nostalgic listening with relatively high precision. We compare our results across listeners from four countries to understand how consistent behavior toward nostalgic music is. We find people listen to nostalgic music more often as they age. We also find people tend to listen to nostalgic music consistently in their day-to-day lives. We do not find evidence that listening to personally nostalgic music increases in response to particular traditions, seasons, or events. However, we do find traditions and events can affect how much “back catalog” music people listen to. These trends are consistent across the national contexts we studied. Our results advance prior findings about nostalgia and the life course, and demonstrate a novel methodological consideration for studies of nostalgic listening.

Unique affective profile of music-evoked nostalgia: An extension and conceptual replication of Barrett et al.’s (2010) study.

“…Second, our study is limited in that it only sampled individuals from the United States, limiting generalizability. Music-evoked nostalgia is a cross-cultural phenomenon (Hanson et al, 2022; Saarikallio et al, 2021), and our understanding of this construct is largely limited to Western cultures and music. Given the breadth of musical expressions (Athanasopoulos et al, 2021; Jacoby et al, 2019; Mehr et al, 2019) and emotional constructs (Jackson et al, 2019; Mesquita et al, 2016) across the globe, future work should explore this topic cross-culturally.…”

“…Music-evoked nostalgia is commonly reported by individuals across the age spectrum (Hanson et al, 2022) and cultures (Hanson et al, 2022; Hepper et al, 2024; Saarikallio et al, 2021). When the participants are asked to indicate discrete emotions experienced when listening to music, nostalgia is consistently top-ranked, surpassed only by general “liking” of a song (Jakubowski & Ghosh, 2021).…”

“…Second, our study is limited in that it only sampled individuals from the United States, limiting generalizability. Music-evoked nostalgia is a cross-cultural phenomenon (Hanson et al, 2022;Saarikallio et al, 2021), and our understanding of this construct is largely limited to Western cultures and music.…”