Time and potential resolved dissolution analysis of rhodium using a microelectrochemical flow cell coupled to an ICP-MS

Klemm, Sebasian Oliver; Karschin, Arndt; Schuppert, Anna Katharina; Topalov, Angel Angelov; Mingers, Andrea Maria; Katsounaros, Ioannis; Mayrhofer, Karl Johann Jakob

doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.05.006

Cited by 58 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Thermal treatment was carried out in air for 5 h at selected temperatures resulting in 14 different samples labelled as EBPVD Temp Electrochemical measurements.-Electrochemical measurements have been carried out using a three electrode electrochemical scanning flow cell (SFC) which was described in detail in earlier publications. 38,39 A small sketch of the SFC is presented in Fig. 1c.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity and Stability of Electrochemically and Thermally Treated Iridium for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Geiger

Kasian

Shrestha

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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173

174

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Iridium is the main element in modern catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWE), which is predominantly due to its relatively good activity and tolerable stability in harsh PEMWE conditions. Limited abundance of iridium, however, poses limitations on widespread applications of these devices, in particular in the large scale conversion and storage of renewable energy. In this work we investigate if the electrocatalytic performance of iridium can be fine-tuned by thermal treatment of catalysts at different temperatures. The OER activity and the dissolution of two different iridium electrodes, viz. (a) flat metallic iridium surfaces prepared by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) and (b) electrochemically prepared porous hydrous iridium oxide films (HIROF) are studied. The range of applied annealing temperatures is 100 • C-600 • C, with a general trend of decreasing activity and increasing stability the higher the temperature. Numerous peculiarities in the trend are however observed. These are discussed considering variations of oxide structure, morphology and electronic conductivity.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity and Stability of Electrochemically and Thermally Treated Iridium for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Geiger

Kasian

Shrestha

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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173

174

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“…50 The exposed area on the working electrode was 1 × 10 −2 cm 2 as defined by the size of the opening of the electrochemical SFC. All presented data are normalized to the geometric area of the working electrode assuming that the roughness of the thin-film sputtered electrodes is small.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Origin of the Improved Ruthenium Stability in RuO₂–IrO₂Mixed Oxides

Kasian

Geiger

Stock

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

114

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High oxygen evolution reaction activity of ruthenium and long term stability of iridium in acidic electrolytes make their mixed oxides attractive candidates for utilization as anodes in water electrolyzers. Indeed, such materials were addressed in numerous previous studies. The application of a scanning flow cell connected to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer allowed us now to examine the stability and activity toward oxygen evolution reaction of such mixed oxides in parallel. The whole composition range of Ir-Ru mixtures has been covered in a thin film material library. In the whole composition range the rate of Ru dissolution is observed to be much higher than that of Ir. Eventually, due to the loss of Ru, the activity of the mixed oxides approaches the value corresponding to pure IrO 2 . Interestingly, the loss of only a few percent of a monolayer in Ru surface concentration results in a significant drop in activity. Several explanations of this phenomenon are discussed. It is concluded that the herein observed stability of mixed Ir-Ru oxide systems is most likely a result of high corrosion resistance of the iridium component, but not due to an alteration of the material's electronic structure. Renewable primary energies such as solar energy, wind energy and ocean energy receive more and more attention and are increasingly installed around the world.1-3 It is anticipated that renewables will eventually replace traditional fossil fuel-burning and nuclear power plants. However, intermittent power supply of renewables means that energy needs to be buffered. Thereby, hydrogen produced by water electrolysis is considered as an ideal energy carrier to adjust the balance between the generation of power by renewable primary energy and energy demand for end-use.3-5 Currently, acidic proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is considered as a promising technology for this purpose. However, the widespread use of PEMWE is hindered by high capital costs, low efficiency, and shortages related to performance deterioration with time. 6 In this connection the nature of electrocatalysts and the procedure of their production and application conditions play a critical role. Materials used as electrocatalysts must be as active as possible to improve efficiency, while at the same time they need to be stable to maintain this efficiency throughout the lifetime of the electrolyzer. This is especially critical for materials catalyzing the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), because of the detrimental positive potential and highly corrosive acidic environment. Only a few catalysts are able to withstand these harsh conditions, while providing sufficient activity, conductivity and mechanical stability. In fact, only iridium oxide anodes are proven to provide the required longevity of operation. On the other hand, ruthenium shows the highest electrocatalytic activity toward this reaction. 7,8 During the last decades, the electrochemical and surface properties of anodes based on these metals and their oxides we...

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“…Both the electrochemical response and the dissolution rate, measured by downstream UV-vis detection of zinc, are recorded simultaneously to provide a comprehensive picture of the underlying processes. The online detection of dissolved species is of significant benefit for many electrochemical investigations, as it enables a distinction between the dissolved and precipitated form of species by distinguishing the overall net current from the dissolution of specific elements, as outlined by several authors [26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. Since precipitation of corrosion products directly affects the reactivity at the zinc surface, a galvanostatic pulse method is employed complementary to the online detection to monitor this.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of hydrogen carbonate and chloride on zinc corrosion investigated by a scanning flow cell system

Laska

Auinger

Biedermann

et al. 2015

Electrochimica Acta

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Time and potential resolved dissolution analysis of rhodium using a microelectrochemical flow cell coupled to an ICP-MS

Cited by 58 publications

References 28 publications

Activity and Stability of Electrochemically and Thermally Treated Iridium for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Activity and Stability of Electrochemically and Thermally Treated Iridium for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

On the Origin of the Improved Ruthenium Stability in RuO₂–IrO₂Mixed Oxides

Effect of hydrogen carbonate and chloride on zinc corrosion investigated by a scanning flow cell system

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Time and potential resolved dissolution analysis of rhodium using a microelectrochemical flow cell coupled to an ICP-MS

Cited by 58 publications

References 28 publications

Activity and Stability of Electrochemically and Thermally Treated Iridium for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Activity and Stability of Electrochemically and Thermally Treated Iridium for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

On the Origin of the Improved Ruthenium Stability in RuO2–IrO2Mixed Oxides

Effect of hydrogen carbonate and chloride on zinc corrosion investigated by a scanning flow cell system

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On the Origin of the Improved Ruthenium Stability in RuO₂–IrO₂Mixed Oxides