Time and space in general models of antipredator response: tests with wolves and elk

Creel, Scott; Winnie, John A.; Christianson, David; Liley, Stewart

doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.07.006

Cited by 162 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 39 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

140

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…When wolves were nearby, elk vigilance was lower at sites visited more frequently by wolves. Importantly, these observations were made during winter months, when elk have limited access to food and face a greater risk of starvation [22]. As the risk of starvation increases, prey are more likely to behave in the 'paradoxical' manner predicted by risk allocation [27,29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Theoretical and empirical work suggests that prey may be more willing to accept increased predation risk while foraging if the risk of starvation is sufficiently high [17][18][19][20][21], thereby weakening the strength of non-consumptive predator effects on prey and emergent indirect effects on other species or ecological processes. Alternatively, because risk is inherently variable over space and time, prey may 'wait out' more dangerous periods, shifting all foraging activity to periods or places of relative safety [22][23][24][25]. However, both the quantity (duration or frequency) and quality (food availability) of intervening periods of safety can influence the capacity of prey to wait out periods of danger [26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Prey state shapes the effects of temporal variation in predation risk

Matassa

Trussell

2014

Proc. R. Soc. B.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The ecological impacts of predation risk are influenced by how prey allocate foraging effort across periods of safety and danger. Foraging decisions depend on current danger, but also on the larger temporal, spatial or energetic context in which prey manage their risks of predation and starvation. Using a rocky intertidal food chain, we examined the responses of starved and fed prey (Nucella lapillus dogwhelks) to different temporal patterns of risk from predatory crabs (Carcinus maenas). Prey foraging activity declined during periods of danger, but as dangerous periods became longer, prey state altered the magnitude of risk effects on prey foraging and growth, with likely consequences for community structure (trait-mediated indirect effects on basal resources, Mytilus edulis mussels), prey fitness and trophic energy transfer. Because risk is inherently variable over time and space, our results suggest that non-consumptive predator effects may be most pronounced in productive systems where prey can build energy reserves during periods of safety and then burn these reserves as 'trophic heat' during extended periods of danger. Understanding the interaction between behavioural (energy gain) and physiological (energy use) responses to risk may illuminate the context dependency of trait-mediated trophic cascades and help explain variation in food chain length.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prey state shapes the effects of temporal variation in predation risk

Matassa

Trussell

2014

Proc. R. Soc. B.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Elk responded to wolf presence by more than doubling the proportion of daylight hours they spent vigilant (31,32), and consequently decreasing the proportion of time spent feeding by 19% (33). Elk also responded to wolves by moving into the protective cover of wooded areas when wolves were present, reducing their use of preferred grassland foraging habitats (34)(35)(36).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the GYE, elk are exposed to wolves and mount antipredator responses on a near-daily basis (31,32). The risk of predation is substantial.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucocorticoid stress hormones and the effect of predation risk on elk reproduction

Creel

Winnie

Christianson

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

214

228

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Empirically, it is clear that scan duration is not always short and that scans are often variable in duration (Cowlishaw et al, 2004;Creel et al, 2008;McVean and Haddlesey, 1980). In addition, in a recent review of the literature in birds, scan duration was shown to vary with group size in many species (Beauchamp, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling scan and interscan durations in antipredator vigilance

Beauchamp

Ruxton

2016

Journal of Theoretical Biology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

2Many prey species alternate between bouts of foraging and bouts of antipredator vigilance. Models of vigilance typically predict how much total time prey animals should allocate to vigilance but do not specify how that time should be scheduled throughout foraging. Here, we examine how the scheduling of vigilance pays off in terms of food intake and predator detection. Specifically, we study how changes in ecological factors affect the expected duration of scans to look out for predators and the duration of interscan intervals dedicated to foraging. Our framework includes factors like the risk of attack, how difficult it is to locate food and predators, and the distance to protective cover. Our individual-based model makes several predictions about scan and interscan durations, which are discussed in relation to the available empirical evidence in birds and mammals. This model of antipredator vigilance is a first step in incorporating constraints related to food gathering and the detection of predators. Adding such constraints adds a novel dimension to vigilance models and produces a variety of predictions that await empirical scrutiny.

show abstract

Time and space in general models of antipredator response: tests with wolves and elk

Cited by 162 publications

References 39 publications

Prey state shapes the effects of temporal variation in predation risk

Prey state shapes the effects of temporal variation in predation risk

Glucocorticoid stress hormones and the effect of predation risk on elk reproduction

Modeling scan and interscan durations in antipredator vigilance

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About