Time-Course of Changes in Inflammatory Response after Whole-Body Cryotherapy Multi Exposures following Severe Exercise

Abstract

The objectives of the present investigation was to analyze the effect of two different recovery modalities on classical markers of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and inflammation obtained after a simulated trail running race. Endurance trained males (n = 11) completed two experimental trials separated by 1 month in a randomized crossover design; one trial involved passive recovery (PAS), the other a specific whole body cryotherapy (WBC) for 96 h post-exercise (repeated each day). For each trial, subjects performed a 48 min running treadmill exercise followed by PAS or WBC. The Interleukin (IL) -1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), protein C-reactive (CRP) and white blood cells count were measured at rest, immediately post-exercise, and at 24, 48, 72, 96 h in post-exercise recovery. A significant time effect was observed to characterize an inflammatory state (Pre vs. Post) following the exercise bout in all conditions (p<0.05). Indeed, IL-1β (Post 1 h) and CRP (Post 24 h) levels decreased and IL-1ra (Post 1 h) increased following WBC when compared to PAS. In WBC condition (p<0.05), TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-6 remain unchanged compared to PAS condition. Overall, the results indicated that the WBC was effective in reducing the inflammatory process. These results may be explained by vasoconstriction at muscular level, and both the decrease in cytokines activity pro-inflammatory, and increase in cytokines anti-inflammatory.

Effect of elastic-band exercise on muscle damage and inflammatory responses in Taekwondo athletes

“…In contrast other research on plyometric exercise suggested that CRP increased only 2 days after training 22 . In other hands CRP production in our investigation is lower than plyometric and severe exercise 12,26 that it is same with the study on resistance or aerobic exercise 27 .…”

Cryotherapy: Physiological Considerations and Applications to Physical Therapy

“…Based on obtained results, the authors suggest that although cryostimulation does not increase the risk of proprioceptive related injury, it is ineffective in improving recovery if administered 24h after exercise. In another study [Pournot et al 2011] researchers compared the effect of two different recovery modalities: cryostimulation (3 min at -110°C) and passive recovery, on markers of exerciseinduced muscle damage and inflammation obtained after a simulated trail running race. The recovery session was applied immediately after, 24h, 48h and 72h after subjects performed a 48min running treadmill exercise.…”

Efeitos da crioterapia na modulação do dano oxidativo resultante de lesão muscular em ratos

“…Esses resultados sugerem que o processo inflamatório no grupo tratado com crioterapia foi menor e estão de acordo com estudos prévios (26,32,76,77). A redução do infiltrado inflamatório e, consequentemente a prevenção do edema têm sido justificadas pelo mecanismo de vasocontrição induzida pela crioterapia (16,32,78).…”

“…Esses resultados sugerem que o processo inflamatório no grupo tratado com crioterapia foi menor e estão de acordo com estudos prévios (26,32,76,77). A redução do infiltrado inflamatório e, consequentemente a prevenção do edema têm sido justificadas pelo mecanismo de vasocontrição induzida pela crioterapia (16,32,78). Contudo, encontramos estudos que sugerem que a crioterapia não altera o diâmetro arteriolar (26,79,80), mas aumenta o diâmetro venoso, possivelmente aumentando a reabsorção do edema (26,80).…”

“…Um deles realizou 2 aplicações de crioterapia com duração de 5min e um intervalo de 6h entre elas (14); outro realizou 2 aplicações de 5min com duração de 12h entre elas (9) e um outro realizou 3h de aplicação contínua de crioterapia (7). Apesar desses estudos contribuírem para elucidação dos efeitos da crioterapia sobre o estresse oxidativo, os protocolos não representam a prática clínica, em que as aplicações de crioterapia são realizadas intermitentemente com duração de 20-30min (16)(17)(18)(19), nas primeiras 72h após a lesão (16,32,(60)(61)(62). Aplicações contínuas de crioterapia com duração de horas estão associadas ao risco de lesão de pele e nervos (12,57,84 (GPx) é responsável por esse processo.…”