Time-course study of grape berry split using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging

Dean, Ryan J.; Bobek, Gabriele; Stait‐Gardner, Timothy; Clarke, Simon J.; Rogiers, Suzy Y.; Price, William S.

doi:10.1111/ajgw.12184

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In addition, after rainfall or heavy dew, a field-grown fruit suffers longer periods of wetness in its stylar scar region, where a pendant drop attaches and also in its pedicel cavity region, where a water “puddle” collects 9 . Whether or not localized expansion of the fruit skin causes microcracking in the stylar scar region of a sweet cherry, as has been postulated in grapes, is not known 30 . In our earlier studies we found stored elastic strain in the stylar scar region was lower than in the cheek region of the fruit 21,28 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Localized bursting of mesocarp cells triggers catastrophic fruit cracking

et al. 2019

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The so-called rain-cracking of sweet cherry fruit severely threatens commercial production. Simple observation tells us that cuticular microcracking (invisible) always precedes skin macrocracking (visible). The objective here was to investigate how a macrocrack develops. Incubating detached sweet cherry fruit in deionized water induces microcracking. Incubating fruit in D 2 O and concurrent magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates that water penetration occurs only (principally) through the microcracks, with nondetectable amounts penetrating the intact cuticle. Optical coherence tomography of detached, whole fruit incubated in deionized water, allowed generation of virtual cross-sections through the zone of a developing macrocrack. Outer mesocarp cell volume increased before macrocracks developed but increased at a markedly higher rate thereafter. Little change in mesocarp cell volume occurred in a control zone distant from the crack. As water incubation continued, the cell volume in the crack zone decreased, indicating leaking/bursting of individual mesocarp cells. As incubation continued still longer, the crack propagated between cells both to form a long, deep macrocrack. Outer mesocarp cell turgor did not differ significantly before and after incubation between fruit with or without macrocracks; nor between cells within the crack zone and those in a control zone distant from the macrocrack. The cumulative frequency distribution of the log-transformed turgor pressure of a population of outer mesocarp cells reveals all cell turgor data followed a normal distribution. The results demonstrate that microcracks develop into macrocracks following the volume increase of a few outer mesocarp cells and is soon accompanied by cell bursting.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Localized bursting of mesocarp cells triggers catastrophic fruit cracking

et al. 2019

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“…To assess if prior damage was required for wasp disease facilitation we aseptically damaged half the grapes to replicate natural berry splitting. This is a phenomenon that occurs in vineyards due to water pressure imbalances in the berries after heavy rain events, or in berries that have densely packed clusters ( Dean et al, 2016 ). Six grape berries were randomly selected from either the uninjured, or injured group and placed in an autoclaved 1 L glass enclosure.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The emerging contribution of social wasps to grape rot disease ecology

Madden

Boyden

Soriano

et al. 2017

PeerJ

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Grape sour (bunch) rot is a polymicrobial disease of vineyards that causes millions of dollars in lost revenue per year due to decreased quality of grapes and resultant wine. The disease is associated with damaged berries infected with a community of acetic acid bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi that results in rotting berries with high amounts of undesirable volatile acidity. Many insect species cause the initial grape berry damage that can lead to this disease, but most studies have focused on the role of fruit flies in facilitating symptoms and vectoring the microorganisms of this disease complex. Like fruit flies, social wasps are abundant in vineyards where they feed on ripe berries and cause significant damage, while also dispersing yeasts involved in wine fermentation. Despite this, their possible role in disease facilitation and dispersal of grape rots has not been explored. We tested the hypothesis that the paper wasp Polistes dominulus could facilitate grape sour rot in the absence of other insect vectors. Using marker gene sequencing we characterized the bacterial and fungal community of wild-caught adults. We used a sterilized foraging arena to determine if these wasps transfer viable microorganisms when foraging. We then tested if wasps harboring their native microbial community, or those inoculated with sour rot, had an effect on grape sour rot incidence and severity using a laboratory foraging arena. We found that all wasps harbor some portion of the sour rot microbial community and that they have the ability to transfer viable microorganisms when foraging. Foraging by inoculated and uninoculated wasps led to an increase in berry rot disease symptom severity and incidence. Our results indicate that paper wasps can facilitate sour rot diseases in the absence of other vectors and that the mechanism of this facilitation may include both increasing host susceptibility and transmitting these microbial communities to the grapes. Social wasps are understudied but relevant players in the sour rot ecology of vineyards.

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“…Prior to micro‐CT and other 3D imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) (Hubeau and Steppe 2015) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Dean et al 2014, 2016), only destructive sampling and time‐consuming classical histology was available to examine internal structures of plants. This can be challenging for soft and easily damaged tissues such as ripe berries where specimens require sectioning into small samples to assess internal features.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D visualisation of voids in grapevine flowers and berries using X‐ray micro computed tomography

Xiao

Stait‐Gardner

Willis

et al. 2021

Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research

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Background and Aim: X-ray micro computed tomography (micro-CT) is a non-destructive 3D imaging technique that has been applied to plant morphology and anatomical studies to gain a better understanding of physiological phenomena in vivo. It is particularly useful for imaging voids in undisturbed fragile tissues and therefore may be applied to the delicate flowers and soft berries of Vitis vinifera. The characterisation of gas spaces and channels can offer insights into the process of tissue aeration and this may have implications on cell function and vitality. We assessed the use of micro-CT to visualise voids within these reproductive organs. Methods and Results: The internal structures of flowers and berries were captured through rapid micro-CT scanning and subsequently were recreated in 3D using image processing. The relative positions of the developing flower parts encased within the flower cap were visualised. Low density/porous tissue was identified within the pedicel and receptacle, connecting the lenticels with the interior of the berry. Voids were present in the proximal mesocarp of mature berries forming a 'detachment zone' in both seeded and seedless cultivars. Voids permeated the mesocarp of mature seedless grape cultivars, but not seeded grapes. Conclusion: Micro-CT offers new insights regarding the distribution of voids on the morphology and compositional heterogeneity of organs that are difficult to dissect and/or view with light microscopy. Significance of the Study: A better understanding of the physiology and functionality of grapevine reproductive tissues may be achieved by 3D visualisation of internal structure in vivo.

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Time-course study of grape berry split using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging

Cited by 13 publications

References 14 publications

Localized bursting of mesocarp cells triggers catastrophic fruit cracking

Localized bursting of mesocarp cells triggers catastrophic fruit cracking

The emerging contribution of social wasps to grape rot disease ecology

3D visualisation of voids in grapevine flowers and berries using X‐ray micro computed tomography

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