Time-dependent behavioral, neurochemical, and immune consequences of repeated experiences of social defeat stress in male mice and the ameliorative effects of fluoxetine

Social status, glucocorticoids, immune function, and health: Can animal studies help us understand human socioeconomic-status-related health disparities?

“…Similarly, no conclusive results were found when PHA was used to stimulate cells (Hardy et al, 1990;Hawley et al, 2007;Hicks et al, 1998;Morrow-Tesch et al, 1994;Raab et al, 1986). Sometimes these conflicting results were observed within studies, with one mitogen revealing a relationship while another did not (Beitia et al, 2005;Raab et al, 1986). Results from T-cell proliferation studies lead to a similar conclusion made by Sapolsky (2004)-there is no clear evidence that social status in animals is related to an individual's ability to proliferate T-cells in the face of mitogenic stimulation.…”

Repeated social defeat causes increased anxiety-like behavior and alters splenocyte function in C57BL/6 and CD-1 mice

“…For example, socially defeated mice had reduced mitogen-induced splenocyte proliferation, as compared with handled controls (Beitia et al, 2005). Similarly, splenocytes from socially defeated mice immunized with sheep red blood cells formed significantly fewer plaque-forming and rosetteforming cells than controls (Devoino et al, 2004).…”

Hippocampal group III mGlu receptor mRNA levels are not altered in specific mouse models of stress, depression and antidepressant action

“…It is possible that the group III mGlu receptors are involved in depressive pathologies but not in those that are central to the animal models investigated in this study. Social defeat is designed to model social stress, one of the main stressors experienced by humans, and has been used extensively as a model of depression (Beitia et al, 2005;Covington et al, 2011;Keeney et al, 2006;Lumley et al, 2000;Sheridan et al, 2000;Tsankova et al, 2006), whereas the OB is a highly predictive model of pharmacological treatment (Kelly et al, 1997), however, the underlying neuronal circuits involved in this model are not well known.…”