Time-dependent competition between goal-directed and habitual response preparation

Hardwick, Robert M.; Forrence, Alexander D; Krakauer, John W.; Haith, Adrian M.

doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0725-0

Cited by 185 publications

(286 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The preservation of this skilled behavior after extinction of the external cues, maintaining the same high level speedaccuracy trade-off, is an additional sign of automaticity and habitual control. Our findings are consistent with Hardwick et al (2019), who also demonstrated that practice influences habits by modulating the likelihood of habit expression via reducing the average time of movement initiation (Hardwick et al, 2019). We also found that in later stages of the training, our participants' response preparation times were extremely brief and unlikely to enable expression of goal-directed responses.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Habits have been assumed to require practice or repeated training as demonstrated in experimental animals (e.g., Adams and Dickinson, 1981) and humans (Tricomi et al, 2009). However, it has proven to be surprisingly difficult to demonstrate robust habit learning in humans as a function of training (de Wit et al, 2018), possibly for reasons related to the time allowed for response preparation prior to execution (Hardwick et al, 2019), the need for much longer periods of training for humans than are possible in the laboratory and a focus on single actions rather than more complex sequences of behavior. Dezfouli and Balleine (2012) have argued that "habits are complex actions that reflect the association of a number of actions into rapidly executed action sequences. "…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Mobile Phone App for the Generation and Characterization of Motor Habits

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mobile Phone App for the Generation and Characterization of Motor Habits

et al. 2020

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“…Our results showed that practicing with few repeating consecutive trials led to a greater 529 skill improvement. Participants practiced the task for several thousand trials, and were able to 530 improve their ability to produce short-latency responses, consistent with previous work 531 indicating that relatively high volumes of training allow participants to produce automatic, 532 habitual responses (Hardwick et al 2019). As skill acquisition requires extensive practice 533 (Ericsson et al 1993), developing approaches to enhance the rate of learning is of interest 534 across a diverse range of fields such as sports, playing musical instruments, and learning 535 surgical skills.…”

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confidence: 60%

Skill Acquisition is Enhanced by Reducing Trial-To-Trial Repetition

Vleugels

Swinnen

Hardwick

2019

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13Developing approaches to improve motor skill learning is of considerable interest 14 across multiple disciplines. Previous research has typically shown that repeating the same 15 action on consecutive trials enhances short-term performance, but has detrimental effects on 16 longer term skill acquisition. However, most prior research has contrasted the effects of 17 repetition only at the block level; here we examined the effects of repeating individual trials 18 embedded in a larger randomized block a feature that is often overlooked when generating 19 random trial orders in learning tasks. With four days of practice, a "Minimal Repeats Group", 20 who rarely experienced repeating stimuli on consecutive trials during training improved to a 21 greater extent than a "Frequent Repeats Group", who were frequently presented with repeating 22 37

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“…This calls into question the idea these aftereffects are an accurate representation of each individual subject's implicit adaptation. One possible explanation for this variability is the formation of a habit or proceduralization of learning (Hardwick et al 2019). Subjects may be attempting to suppress an explicit strategy that has become proceduralized over the five days of training.…”

Section: Figure 6 (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit visuomotor adaptation remains limited after several days of training

Wilterson

Taylor

2019

Preprint

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Learning in sensorimotor adaptation tasks has been historically viewed as solely an implicit learning phenomenon. However, recent findings suggest that implicit adaptation is heavily constrained, calling into question its utility in motor learning, and the theoretical framework of sensorimotor adaptation paradigms. These inferences have been based mainly on results from single bouts of training, thus, it is possible that implicit adaptation processes supersede explicit compensation strategies, such as explicitly re-aiming their intended movement direction, over repeated practice sessions. We tested this by dissociating the contributions of explicit re-aiming strategies and implicit adaptation over five consecutive days of training. Implicit adaptation plateaued at a value far short of complete learning. We sought to determine if these constraints on implicit adaptation extend to another sensorimotor task, mirror reversal. Implicit adaptation was inappropriate for mirror reversal and became suppressed during training. These findings are consistent with a handful of recent studies suggesting that implicit adaptation processes, as studied in sensorimotor adaptation paradigms, cannot fully support long-term motor skill. New and NoteworthyIn this set of studies, we find that implicit adaptation cannot fully account for learning in adaptation tasks, such as the visuomotor rotation and mirror reversal tasks, even following several days of training. In fact, implicit adaptation can be counterproductive to learning. These findings question the utility of implicit adaptation processes to motor learning more broadly.

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Time-dependent competition between goal-directed and habitual response preparation

Cited by 185 publications

References 46 publications

A Mobile Phone App for the Generation and Characterization of Motor Habits

A Mobile Phone App for the Generation and Characterization of Motor Habits

Skill Acquisition is Enhanced by Reducing Trial-To-Trial Repetition

Implicit visuomotor adaptation remains limited after several days of training

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