The
development of high-brilliance third- and fourth-generation
light sources such as synchrotrons and X-ray free-electron lasers
(XFELs), the emergence of laboratory-based X-ray spectrometers, and
instrumental and methodological advances in X-ray absorption (XAS)
and (non)resonant emission (XES and RXES/RIXS) spectroscopies have
had far-reaching effects across the natural sciences. However, new
kinds of experiments, and their ever-higher resolution and data acquisition
rates, have brought acutely into focus the challenge of accurately,
quickly, and cost-effectively analyzing the data; a far-from-trivial
task that demands detailed theoretical calculations that are capable
of capturing satisfactorily the underlying physics. The past decade
has seen significant advances in the theory of core-hole spectroscopies
for this purpose, driven by all of the developments above andcruciallya
surge in demand. In this Perspective, we discuss the challenges of
calculating core-excited states and spectra, and state-of-the-art
developments in electronic structure theory, dynamics, and data-driven/machine-led approaches toward their better description.