Time-dependent memory deficits of aversively motivated behavior

Bintz, John

doi:10.1016/0023-9690(70)90102-5

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…This memory-retrieval interpretation of the Kamin effect appears capable of explaining those cases in which more active responding is seen at intermediate intervals (Bintz, 1970;Bintz, Braud, & Brown, 1970;Klein & Spear, 1970a, 1970bPinel & Cooper, 1966;Ross, 1975 ;Singh, Sakellaris, & Brush, 1971) as well as the more typical finding of less active responding. Such an interpretation has been suggested in various forms by several authors (Bintz et al, 1970;Brush, 1971;Klein, 1972;Spear, 1971Spear, , 1973.…”

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confidence: 78%

“…(Kamin, 1957). In the view of some investigators, this phenomenon is due primarily to ineffective processing of the memory that represents the events of training (Bintz, 1970;Klein & Spear, 1970a, 1970b; others believe it reflects a deficit in performance caused by timedependent changes in the ability to initiate an active response following shock-induced stress (Anisman, 1975;Barrett, Leith, & Ray, 1971b;Pinel & Mucha, 1973).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Forgetting of a discrimination after intervals of intermediate length: The Kamin effect with choice behavior.

Bryan¹,

Spear²

1976

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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Several experiments tested the occurrence of the "Kamin effect" in terms of discrimination (choice) behavior by rats. The effect-defined by a nonmonotonic retention function following aversive conditioning-, which includes exaggerated forgetting after intervals of intermediate length (1-6 hr.)-was obtained in terms of choice behavior, with each discrimination task tested (brightness and position) and for each of three types of retention test differing in the nature of the transfer between training and testing. The results of these tests suggest that a deficit in memory retrieval after intermediate-length intervals is the most appropriate explanation for these instances of the Kamin effect, with a likely important role in such memory processing to be assigned the endogenous neurochemical and hormonal changes that accompany and follow a stressful learning experience.

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confidence: 78%

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confidence: 99%

Forgetting of a discrimination after intervals of intermediate length: The Kamin effect with choice behavior.

Bryan¹,

Spear²

1976

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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“…The processes which mediate this function are not weil understood except that the nonmonotonicity appears to reflect the association of the es with the ues, or fear, rather than any instrumental contingency (Brush, Myer, & Palmer, 1963). Apparently, the amount of fear elicited by the es declines directly after training and subsequently increases (Bintz et al, 1970). Additionally, it appears that .…”

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confidence: 90%

“…Additionally, it appears that . the deficiency at intermediate retention intervals represents a retrieval rather than a motivational deficit (Bintz, 1970;Klein & Spear, 1970). One of the persistent sources of variance in studies of this retention function is the point in time at which the minimum is found and has been shown at intervals ranging from I to 24 h after training.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of shock intensity on the retention of an avoidance response

Bintz

1971

Psychon Sci

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Three groups of 60 rats were given 40 trials of standard shuttle-avoidance conditioning with a tone es and a shock intensity of .4, .8, or 1.6 mA. Within each group, four subgroups were matched on the number of avoidances during acquisition and given retention tests of 20 trials at 5 min, 1, 4, or 24 h after training. The terminal level of acquisition performance was an inverted-U-shaped function of the shock intensity, and performance during retention tests was a U-shaped function of the retention interval, with the minimum occurring at 1 h for the .8-mA shock group and at 4 h for the .4-and 1.6-mA shock groups.

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“…The variety of motivational hypotheses offered to explain the Kamin effect include a transient increase in fear (Denny & Ditchman, 1962;Kumar, 1970;McMichael, 1966;Tarpy, 1966), a transient decrease in fear (Bintz. 1970;Bintz.…”

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confidence: 99%

Shuttlebox avoidance to intense white noise: Acquisition and the Kamin effect in rats

Hughes

Brett

1976

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Experiment I demonstrated shuttlebox avoidance conditioning using intense white noise as a ues.Ten rats were given 25 trials a day for 6 days. Escape latencies declined and avoidance responses increased over trial blocks. Experiment II provided support for a functional similarity between shock as a ues and intense noise as a ues by demonstrating the Kamin effect following incomplete shuttlebox training to noise. Separate groups of rats were given 25 trials followed by an additional 25 trials either 0, 1, 4, or 24 h later. The U-shaped Kamin effect was evident in the avoidance measure. A similar but inverted U-shaped function was obtained for the escape latency measure. Escape latencies were longer on retraining than on original training at 1 h but not at 0, 4, or 24 h after original training.Intense noise has been used successfully to condition relatively simple escape and avoidance responses (Barnes & Kish, 1957; Campell, 1955). but attempts to condition more complex responses such as barpress escape or avoidance have been less successful (Barry & Harrison, 1957; Harrison & Abelson, 1959; Harrison & Tracy, 1955). The relatively modest degree of conditioning that has been reported in some situations may be a result of insufficient motivation provided by the noise stimulus (Campbell & Bloom, 1965), or to noise-elicited responses that are incompatible with the response to be conditioned (Bolles & Seelbach, 1964). This latter interpretation is similar to and consistent with Bolles (1971) analysis of the relationship between species-specific defense reactions (SSDRS) to shock and ease of conditioning. A functional similarity between noise and shock is evident in the fact that relatively simple escape and avoidance responses to shock, as is the case with noise, are rapidly conditioned, and more complex responses to shock, such as barpress escape or avoidance, as is the case with noise, are much more difficult to condition. On the other hand, shuttlebox avoidance to shock is more difficult to condition than escape or one-way avoidance and less difficult to condition than barpress escape or avoidance (Bolles, 1971). In this sense, shuttlebox avoidance appears to be of intermediate difficulty between escape and one-way avoidance conditioning and barpress conditioning.Shuttlebox avoidance using-noise as a ueshas not been reported, but if the similarity in the ease with which other responses to noise and to shock can be conditioned is more than coincidental, then shuttlebox avoidance using intense noise should be possible.The first purpose of the research to be reported was to examine shuttlebox avoidance in rats using intense Kamin (1957) reported that acquisition of an incompletely learned avoidance response to shock progresses more slowly at intermediate than at either brief or prolonged intervals after original training. Although this time-dependent U-shaped function (the Kamin effect) has been demonstrated a substantial number of times under a variety of conditions, the vast majority of replications has used shock ...

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Time-dependent memory deficits of aversively motivated behavior

Cited by 16 publications

References 16 publications

Forgetting of a discrimination after intervals of intermediate length: The Kamin effect with choice behavior.

Forgetting of a discrimination after intervals of intermediate length: The Kamin effect with choice behavior.

Effect of shock intensity on the retention of an avoidance response

Shuttlebox avoidance to intense white noise: Acquisition and the Kamin effect in rats

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