Time‐dependent mixed convection of Prandtl–Eyring hybrid nanofluid flow over a vertical cone: Entropy analysis

Abstract

The current work is motivated by the rising applications of non‐Newtonian hybrid nanofluids and entropy optimization in large‐scale industries. The Prandtl–Eyring nanofluid model, one of the numerous non‐Newtonian fluid models, is developed using molecular theory rather than empirical formulas. This study investigates the mixed convection flow of Prandtl–Eyring nanofluids from a vertical conical surface. This problem's governing equations are highly nonlinear and linked. Mangler's nonsimilar transformations were used to obtain a nondimensional representation of the governing equations. The obtained equations were linearized and discretized using Quasilinearization and the implicit finite difference method. This study concludes that, compared to Newtonian fluids, Prandtl–Eyring fluids have reduced surface friction and fluid velocity. When comparing the Prandtl–Eyring hybrid nanofluid to the Newtonian hybrid nanofluid, we find that the latter improves energy transmission by about 11%. With the Prandtl–Eyring hybrid nanofluid model instead of the standard Newtonian model, entropy generation (EG) can be reduced. Energy transport efficiency is improved by changing the nanoparticles shape from spherical to lamina. Concisely at , the and boosted approximately by 29% and 17%, respectively, when shapes of the nanoparticles are changed from spherical to the lamina. The findings of heat transfer strength and surface friction coefficient are in excellent agreement with previously reported data.