“…In particular, the subgrid scale stabilization methods (also known as variational multiscale stabilization methods) [31,32] are of special interest for the simulation of turbulent flows. This is so because, if well designed, they not only allow one to circumvent the above mentioned numerical problems, but also act as implicit large eddy simulation models [32,33,34,35,36]. The basic idea of subgrid scale methods is that of splitting the problem unknowns, u 0 and p 0 for (15), and the test functions, v 0 and q 0 , into large scale components, u 0 h and p 0 h , which can be resolved by the computational mesh, and small scale components,ũ 0 andp 0 , which cannot be captured and whose effects onto the large scales have to be modeled.…”