Time dilation effect in an active observer and virtual environment requires apparent motion: No dilation for retinal- or world-motion alone

Verde, Luca Lo; Alais, David; Burr, David; Morrone, Maria Concetta; MacDougall, Hamish G.; Verstraten, Frans A. J.

doi:10.1167/19.3.4

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…While the study provides evidence that motor imagery affects time perception, we would not go so far as to suggest perceptual and central processes do not play any role. Indeed, the present study did not replicate previously observed effects of optical flow on time estimation (Kanai et al, 2006) and reproduction (Verde et al, 2019). However, these previous studies measured time perception at the short-range interval, while the here-reported experiments used intervals between 7 and 16 s. Theories have long argued interval timing between 0 and 3 s differs from longer-range estimates (Münsterberg, 1889;Penney & Vaitilingam, 2008;Poppel, 2004), resulting in functional (Grondin, 2010) and neural dissociations (Wittmann, 2014).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Time to imagine moving: Simulated motor activity affects time perception

2021

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Sensing the passage of time is important for countless daily tasks, yet time perception is easily influenced by perception, cognition, and emotion. Mechanistic accounts of time perception have traditionally regarded time perception as part of central cognition. Since proprioception, action execution, and sensorimotor contingencies also affect time perception, perception-action integration theories suggest motor processes are central to the experience of the passage of time. We investigated whether sensory information and motor activity may interactively affect the perception of the passage of time. Two prospective timing tasks involved timing a visual stimulus display conveying optical flow at increasing or decreasing velocity. While doing the timing tasks, participants were instructed to imagine themselves moving at increasing or decreasing speed, independently of the optical flow. In the direct-estimation task, the duration of the visual display was explicitly judged in seconds while in the motor-timing task, participants were asked to keep a constant pace of tapping. The direct-estimation task showed imagining accelerating movement resulted in relative overestimation of time, or time dilation, while decelerating movement elicited relative underestimation, or time compression. In the motor-timing task, imagined accelerating movement also accelerated tapping speed, replicating the time-dilation effect. The experiments show imagined movement affects time perception, suggesting a causal role of simulated motor activity. We argue that imagined movements and optical flow are integrated by temporal unfolding of sensorimotor contingencies. Consequently, as physical time is relative to spatial motion, so too is perception of time relative to imaginary motion.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Time to imagine moving: Simulated motor activity affects time perception

2021

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“…Although the illusion of perceived motion partially depends on oculomotor events such as microsaccades [ 21 , 22 ], Au et al found that the temporal dilation effect cannot be attributed to the motion of the object in retinotopic terms but rather spatiotopic terms [ 74 ]. Furthermore, within a virtual reality environment, Lo Verde et al conducted a study that showed a time-dilation effect for apparent motion but not for retinal or world motion alone [ 80 ]. These findings challenge the notion that temporal expansion depends on retinal motion generated by ocular movements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Illusory Motion in Stationary Stimuli Alters Their Perceived Duration

Contemori,

Meneghini,

Battaglini

2023

Vision

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Despite having equal duration, stimuli in physical motion are perceived to last longer than static ones. Here, we investigate whether illusory motion stimuli produce a time-dilation effect similar to physical motion. Participants performed a duration discrimination task that compared the perceived duration of static stimuli with and without illusory motion to a reference stimulus. In the first experiment, we observed a 4% increase in the number of “longer” responses for the illusory motion images than static stimuli with equal duration. The time-dilation effect, quantified as a shift in the Point of Subjective Equality (PSE), was approximately 55 ms for a 2-second stimulus. Although small, the effect was replicated in a second experiment in which the total number of standard-duration repetitions was reduced from 73 to 19. In the third experiment, we found a positive linear trend between the strength of the illusory motion and the magnitude of the time-dilation effect. These results demonstrate that, similar to physical motion stimuli, illusory motion stimuli are perceived to last longer than static stimuli. Furthermore, the strength of the illusion influences the extent of the lengthening of perceived duration.

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“…In principle the same is true of time, although this has been studied much less in VR. By altering velocities of objects and selflocation VR can be used to induce distortions in time perception, for example (Volante et al, 2018;Verde et al, 2019). VR can also be used to influence time in another way by inducing the illusion of traveling back through time (Friedman et al, 2014;Pizarro et al, 2015).…”

Section: Space and Time In Virtual Realitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Consciousness First in Virtual Reality?

Slater

Sanchez-Vives

2022

Front. Psychol.

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The prevailing scientific paradigm is that matter is primary and everything, including consciousness can be derived from the laws governing matter. Although the scientific explanation of consciousness on these lines has not been realized, in this view it is only a matter of time before consciousness will be explained through neurobiological activity in the brain, and nothing else. There is an alternative view that holds that it is fundamentally impossible to explain how subjectivity can arise solely out of material processes—“the hard problem of consciousness”—and instead consciousness should be regarded in itself as a primary force in nature. This view attempts to derive, for example, the laws of physics from models of consciousness, instead of the other way around. While as scientists we can understand and have an intuition for the first paradigm, it is very difficult to understand what “consciousness is primary” might mean since it has no intuitive scientific grounding. Here we show that worlds experienced through virtual reality (VR) are such that consciousness is a first order phenomenon. We discuss the Interface Theory of Perception which claims that in physical reality perceptions are not veridical and that we do not see the “truth” but that perception is based on evolutionary payoffs. We show that this theory may provide an accurate description of perception and consciousness within VR, and we put forward an experimental study that could throw light on this. We conclude that VR does offer an experimental frame that provides intuition with respect to the idea that “consciousness is first” and what this might mean regarding the perceived world. However, we do not draw any conclusions about the veracity of this notion with respect to physical reality or question the emergence of consciousness from brain function.

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Time dilation effect in an active observer and virtual environment requires apparent motion: No dilation for retinal- or world-motion alone

Cited by 6 publications

References 18 publications

Time to imagine moving: Simulated motor activity affects time perception

Time to imagine moving: Simulated motor activity affects time perception

An Illusory Motion in Stationary Stimuli Alters Their Perceived Duration

Is Consciousness First in Virtual Reality?

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