Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: Identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (App)

Developing a shorter version of the Estonian Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (E-SAPS18)

“…Here, the use of multidimensional scales could potentially expand the understanding of multiple facets of smartphone addiction. Finally, it should be acknowledged that recent advances in technology, especially in terms of computation, provide additional possibilities to measure smartphone use and potential addiction, using specific smartphone applications (Lin et al, 2015;Montag et al, 2015). These applications can, for example, provide insight into smartphone usage frequency, usage time, and other characteristics associated with smartphone use.…”

“…The number is similar to the European mean smartphone usage ratio (Simisker, Kivilo, Aak, Jarv, & Kaal, 2014). placed on the activity rather than on the device; different scales that measure smartphone addiction (Kwon, Lee, et al, 2013;Ching et al, 2015;Lin et al, 2015) mainly measure the harmful aspects of using smartphones in a problematic manner. Even though there are some items in smartphone addiction (proneness) scales that do not explicitly ask about the addictive aspects of smartphone use as an activity, the construct as a whole could still be regarded as a proneness to behavioural addiction.…”

“…Despite the critique, the term smartphone addiction is still widely used in scientific literature to describe and explain the problematic disturbances to everyday life associated with excessive smartphone use (e.g., Ching et al, 2015;Lin et al, 2015;Lopez-Fernandez, 2015). The use of addiction in this context may be explained and justified to some extent through the application of an addiction-related conceptual approach when studying the phenomenon.…”

“…The use of addiction in this context may be explained and justified to some extent through the application of an addiction-related conceptual approach when studying the phenomenon. In fact, recently, Lin et al (2015) were the first to develop a version of the diagnostic criteria for psychiatric assessment of smartphone addiction, including (a) eight potential symptoms, (b) three dysfunctions, and (c) exclusion criteria. In (a), the symptoms are similar to those of other behavioural addictions, such as tolerance, withdrawal, overuse, et cetera (to see full list, see Lin et al, 2015); the three dysfunctions in (b) are physical or psychological problems which result in smartphone overuse: using a smartphone in (physically) hazardous situations, and jeopardizing or losing significant functionality in relationships, in the workplace, or at school due to smartphone use; the exclusion criteria in (c) are associated with those individuals for which obsessive-compulsive disorder or bipolar disorder can better account for their behaviour.…”

Problematic Use of the Internet and Smartphones in University Students: 2006–2017

“…Results of these alerts are concepts such as the so-called technostress 14 , smombie (a combination of "smartphone" and "zombie") 15 , fear of missing out (fomo) 16 and nomophobia ("no-mobilephone phobia") 17 . However, studies on the addictive consequences of both the 'old' mobile phone 9,18-21 , the current smartphone [22][23][24][25][26][27] , and the Internet are cross-sectional, therefore the temporal evolution of the smartphone and the Internet's addictive impact on the population is still unknown. Based on the aforementioned research as a background, the objective of the current study was to explore the evolution …”