“…In geophysics, the most common methods to identify the presence of clay minerals non‐intrusively in the field are electrical and electromagnetic methods (e.g., Auken et al., 2017): direct current electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) (e.g., Batayneh, 2006), induced polarization (IP) (e.g., Lévy, Maurya, et al., 2019; Okay et al., 2013), time‐domain electromagnetics (TDEM) (e.g., Finco et al., 2018), frequency domain (FDEM) electromagnetics (e.g., Spichak & Manzella, 2009), and ground penetrating radar (GPR) (e.g., Looms et al., 2018). However, if clays are usually associated to high electrical conductivity zones, they can be mistaken with highly mineralized pore water when only the real electrical conductivity is considered.…”