Time-efficient microwave synthesis of Pd nanoparticles and their electrocatalytic property in oxidation of formic acid and alcohols in alkaline media

Abstract

In this study time-efficient size controlled synthesis of stable Pd nanoparticles was carried out using microwave heating method by the decomposition of palladium chloride with glucose in aqueous medium using poly(ethyleneglycol) as capping agent. The benefit of the synthesis is that it was achieved in only 20 s. The synthesized Pd nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and particle size analysis. The relative rates of electro-oxidation of formic acid, methanol and ethanol measured by cyclic voltammetry showed that efficiency of Pd nanoparticles as catalyst followed the order: formic acid \ methanol \ ethanol. The current-voltage characteristics improved with increase in either electrolyte (NaOH) or fuel concentrations but decreased with further increase in NaOH concentration.

Microwave-Assisted Preparation of Inorganic Nanostructures in Liquid Phase

“…In addition to the intensive research on the microwave-assisted preparation of Au nanostructures, nanostructures of other noble metals prepared by the microwave-assisted aqueous solution method, such as Pt, ,,, Ag, ,,,− Au–Ag, Pd, ,, Pd–Pt, Cu, , Cu–Ag, and Rh, have also been reported, and some examples of the related research work are discussed below.…”

“…86 A similar procedure was also applied for the preparation of human serum albumin-protected Au nanoclusters with a strong red emission, which could be efficiently quenched by nitrogen oxides (NO x ), demonstrating its great potential in determining the intracellular concentration of NO x . 87 In addition to the intensive research on the microwaveassisted preparation of Au nanostructures, nanostructures of other noble metals prepared by the microwave-assisted aqueous solution method, such as Pt, 65,88,90,91 Ag, 65,70,88,92−111 Au− Ag, 70 Pd, 65,88,112 Pd−Pt, 113 Cu, 106,114 Cu−Ag, 106 and Rh, 115 have also been reported, and some examples of the related research work are discussed below.…”

“…90 By microwave heating an aqueous solution containing K 2 PtCl 4 and 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethanesulfonic acid for only 12 s, Pt nanoclusters with a porous interconnected nanostructure were obtained. 91 Mehta et al 112 prepared Pd nanoparticles using PdCl 2 , glucose, and poly-(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a capping agent in aqueous solution by microwave heating for only 20 s. Pd@Pt core−shell nanostructures were prepared in aqueous solution containing K 2 PtCl 4 , PdCl 2 , and CTAB (pH 9) by microwave heating in a homemade microwave refluxing synthesis system at 200 W for 3 min, and the morphology of Pd@Pt nanostructures could be controlled by adjusting the molar ratio of Pt to Pd precursor. 113 Pradhan et al 115 reported the microwave-assisted gram quantity production of one-dimensional (1-D) nanostructures composed of Rh(0) and Rh(I) using CTAB as a reducing agent as well as a soft template.…”

Microwave-Driven Synthesis of Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles for Molecular Imaging

“…For this synthesis, an aqueous solution of platinum chloride (H 2 PtCl 6 ) was mixed with a solution of glucose and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) acting as reducing and stabilizing agents, respectively. Furthermore, Mehta et al [89] prepared PdNPs using palladium (II) chloride (PdCl 2 ), glucose, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) dissolved in deionized water with microwave heating for only 20 s. Liu et al [90] prepared single-crystalline Cu nanowires with MW heating using copper (II) chloride (CuCl 2 ), ascorbic acid, and hexadecylamine in deionized water. The resultant Cu nanowires had an average diameter of 50 nm and lengths of longer than 10 μm (Figure 4).…”

Gold nanoparticles for sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide: a simple non-enzymatic approach

“…The performance of the biosensor devices can be improved by employing gold NPs as they allow conductive materials to come in close proximity, thereby providing bioelectrocatalytic activity [9]. There are several approaches for the synthesis of metal NPs such as laser ablation [10,11], sonochemical reduction [12], microwave treatment [13,14] and chemical deposition [15]. Among these approaches, the chemical reduction method is the most preferred one because of its simplicity, good control over particle size and morphology and bulk quantity production [16].…”