Time-of-Day Effects of Exercise on Cardiorespiratory Responses and Endurance Performance—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Kang, Jie; Ratamess, Nicholas A.; Faigenbaum, Avery D.; Bush, Jill A.; Finnerty, Caitlyn; DiFiore, Michael; Garcia, Andy; Beller, Noah A

doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004497

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

2023

DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004497

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Time-of-Day Effects of Exercise on Cardiorespiratory Responses and Endurance Performance—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Jie Kang

Nicholas A. Ratamess

Avery D. Faigenbaum

et al.

Abstract: Kang, J, Ratamess, NA, Faigenbaum, AD, Bush, JA, Finnerty, C, DiFiore, M, Garcia, A, and Beller, N. Time-of-day effects of exercise on cardiorespiratory responses and endurance performance—A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): 2080–2090, 2023—The time-of-day effect of exercise on human function remains largely equivocal. Hence, this study aimed to further analyze the existing evidence concerning diurnal variations in cardiorespiratory responses and endurance performance using a met… Show more

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Cited by 5 publications

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Sleep profiles and their associations with adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness among adolescents

Bakalár,

Janda,

Kostičová

et al. 2024

Acta Paediatrica

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AimThis study aimed to identify sleep profiles in a representative sample of Slovak adolescents and investigate their associations with adiposity indicators and cardiorespiratory fitness.MethodsData from the 2022 Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children (HBSC) study conducted in Slovakia were analysed. Survey questions on sleep duration and problems from the entire HBSC sample (n = 8906) were used to identify sleep profiles. Associations with adiposity indicators and cardiorespiratory fitness were investigated in a subsample of 924 adolescents (average age 13.3 ± 1.48; 56.2% boys) who completed the HBSC survey, bioimpedance analysis, and 20‐metre shuttle run test.ResultsThree sleep profiles were identified—optimal sleepers, optimal sleepers with sporadic sleep problems and poor sleepers. Crude models showed that poor sleepers had significantly higher body fat percentage and fat mass index, along with lower cardiorespiratory fitness, compared to optimal sleepers. After adjustment, only the association between sleep profiles and cardiorespiratory fitness remained significant.ConclusionThe observed associations between sleep profiles and cardiorespiratory fitness may help better target future intervention resources towards adolescents with low cardiorespiratory fitness levels.

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Sleep profiles and their associations with adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness among adolescents

Bakalár,

Janda,

Kostičová

et al. 2024

Acta Paediatrica

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Timing Matters: Late, but Not Early, Exercise Training Ameliorates MASLD in Part by Modulating the Gut‐Liver Axis in Mice

Kovynev,

Ying,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Journal of Pineal Research

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Metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) affects two billion people worldwide and is currently mostly treatable via lifestyle interventions, such as exercise training. However, it is unclear whether the positive effects of exercise are restricted to unique circadian windows. We therefore aimed to study whether the timing of exercise training differentially modulates MASLD development. Twenty weeks old male APOE*3‐Leiden.CETP mice were fed a high fat‐high cholesterol diet to induce MASLD and treadmill‐trained for 1 h five times per week for 12 weeks either early (ZT13; E‐RUN) or late (ZT22; L‐RUN) in the dark phase while corresponding sedentary groups (E‐SED and L‐SED) did not. Late, but not early exercise training decreased the MASLD score, body weight, fat mass, and liver triglycerides, accompanied by an altered composition of the gut microbiota. Specifically, only late exercise training increased the abundance of short‐chain fatty acid‐producing bacterial families and genera, such as Akkermansia, Lachnospiraceae, and Rikenella. To assess the role of the gut microbiota in training‐induced effects, the study was repeated and trained (ZT22 only, RUN) or sedentary mice (SED) served as fecal donors for sedentary recipient mice (RUN FMT and SED FMT). Fecal microbiota transplantation reduced liver weight and plasma triglycerides in RUN FMT compared to SED FMT and tended to lower the MASLD score and liver triglycerides. Timing of exercise training is a critical factor for the positive effect on MASLD in this preclinical model, and the effect of late exercise is partially mediated via the gut‐liver axis.

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Efficacy of morning versus afternoon aerobic exercise training on reducing metabolic syndrome components: A randomized controlled trial

Morales‐Palomo,

Moreno‐Cabañas,

Alvarez‐Jimenez

et al. 2023

The Journal of Physiology

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A supervised intense aerobic exercise program improves the health of individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, it is unclear whether the timing of training within the 24 h day would influence those health benefits. The present study aimed to determine the influence of morning vs. afternoon exercise on body composition, cardiometabolic health and components of MetS. One hundred thirty‐nine individuals with MetS were block randomized into morning (AMEX; n = 42) or afternoon (PMEX; n = 59) exercise training groups, or a non‐training control group (Control; n = 38). Exercise training was comprised of 48 supervised high‐intensity interval sessions distributed over 16 weeks. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (assessed by ), maximal fat oxidation (FOmax), blood pressure and blood metabolites were assessed before and after the intervention. Compared with the non‐training Control, both exercise groups improved similarly body composition (–0.7% fat loss; P = 0.002), waist circumference (–2.1 cm; P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (–3.8 mmHg; P = 0.004) and (3.5 mL kg−1 min−1; P < 0.001) with no differences between training groups. AMEX, in comparison with PMEX, reduced systolic blood pressure (–4% vs. –1%; P = 0.019), plasma fasting insulin concentration (–12% vs. –5%; P = 0.001) and insulin resistance (–14% vs. –4%; P = 0.006). Furthermore, MetS Z score was further reduced in the AMEX compared to PMEX (–52% vs. –19%; P = 0.021) after training. In summary, high‐intensity aerobic exercise training in the morning in comparison to training in the afternoon is somewhat more efficient at reducing cardiometabolic risk factors (i.e. systolic blood pressure and insulin sensitivity). imageKey points The effect of exercise time of day on health promotion is an area that has gained interest in recent years; however, large‐scale, randomized‐control studies are scarce. People with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are at risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases and reductions in this risk with exercise training can be precisely gauged using a compound score sensitive to subtle evolution in each MetS component (i.e. Z score). Supervised aerobic exercise for 16 weeks (morning and afternoon), without dietary restriction, improved cardiorespiratory and metabolic fitness, body composition and mean arterial pressure compared to a non‐exercise control group. However, training in the morning, without changes in exercise dose or intensity, reduced systolic blood pressure and insulin resistance further compared to when training in the afternoon. Thus, high‐intensity aerobic exercise training in the morning is somewhat more efficient in improving the health of individuals with metabolic syndrome.

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Time-of-Day Effects of Exercise on Cardiorespiratory Responses and Endurance Performance—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 5 publications

References 81 publications

Sleep profiles and their associations with adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness among adolescents

Sleep profiles and their associations with adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness among adolescents

Timing Matters: Late, but Not Early, Exercise Training Ameliorates MASLD in Part by Modulating the Gut‐Liver Axis in Mice

Efficacy of morning versus afternoon aerobic exercise training on reducing metabolic syndrome components: A randomized controlled trial

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