Time perception, pacing and exercise intensity: maximal exercise distorts the perception of time

Edwards, Andrew M.; McCormick, Alister

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.08.009

Cited by 31 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The additional time-component item (Exercise when I have not exercised for a prolonged period), previously excluded from the exploratory analysis, loaded on strength in the face of external barriers. This finding was significant in that it mirrored more recent literature, 15 which has shown that exercise behavior, particularly during high-intensity or high-impact physical activity, can distort one's perception of time. In fact, greater intensity of exercise has been shown to lead to a decreased perception of time, where more time appeared to have passed than what was objectively true.14 Given this notion, time can be perceived as an external source of influence that served to either hinder or support engagement in physical activity based on the level of exertion required.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Validation of the exercise self-efficacy scale (ESE-S) for increased adherence to physical activity

Nolan

Hallam

2018

OJPH

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Background: Various self-efficacy instruments have been used to predict exercise behavior. Many of these scales have been shown to be valid and reliable measures for the strength dimension of self-efficacy, but have overlooked the construct’s dimensions of magnitude and generality. This study established the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (ESE-S), a measure of the strength, generality, and magnitude dimensions of exercise self-efficacy, as a valid tool towards the promotion and adherence of routine physical activity. Methods: Using a non-experimental, cross-sectional design, the ESE-S was administered to individuals aged 18 and older (n=270) who were conveniently recruited from a large city located in Ohio. Participants were employees of a large, national company and consented to participate in an employee wellness campaign over a two-day period. Participants completed the 24-item ESE-S onetime and demographic data were not collected. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the 4-factor hypothesized structure of the ESE-S. Results: The confirmatory analysis showed that the data did not conform to the factorial structure as originally hypothesized, but did retain a 4-four factor solution. Final factors identified from the confirmatory analysis were internal strength, external strength, generality, and magnitude. Conclusions: This study confirmed a 4-factor, 21-item factorial structure. Although the structure differed from that hypothesized, the results showed that the tool was a valid and reliable instrument to measure the dimensions of exercise self-efficacy commonly overlooked within the literature. Public health professionals and researchers can use the instrument to measure exercise self-efficacy and develop self-efficacy based exercise promotion programs. Key words: Exercise, self-efficacy, confirmatory factor analysis, physical activity

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Validation of the exercise self-efficacy scale (ESE-S) for increased adherence to physical activity

Nolan

Hallam

2018

OJPH

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“…One group of studies has provided evidence bolstering the results of Weber [7], showing that increases in physical workload are associated with longer time productions (i.e., a decrease in duration judgment ratio-time "flies") for a variety of tasks. Among the tasks for which such a pattern has been demonstrated include gripping a hand dynamometer [8,9], transferring pipes from one container to another [10], walking [11], and most recently, exercising on cycle and rowing ergometers [12]. These findings are consistent with the notion that physical activity occupies attentional resources that would otherwise be devoted to perception of temporal cues, resulting in perceptions of less time passing during a given interval than has actually passed [13].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…The inconsistencies in time perception documented in retrospective time perception as a function of physical activity in the current investigation mirror those documented in the literature pertaining to time perception in general [4,5] and to the effects of physical activity on prospective time perception in particular. Unfortunately, there are no obvious methodological distinctions between studies in which physical activity (or greater intensity physical activity) caused durations to be perceived as shorter than they actually were [7][8][9][10][11][12] versus those in which physical activity (or physical activity combined with a hot environment) caused durations to be perceived as longer than they actually were [14][15][16] to guide interpretation of the current findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

It’s about Time: Effects of Physical Exertion on Duration Estimates

Brewer

Schwartz²,

Cornelius

et al. 2019

JFMK

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Background: Task duration is a fundamental aspect of exercise, but little is known about how completed bouts of physical activity are perceived. Consequently, the purpose of the five experiments conducted for this investigation was to examine the effects of engaging in physical tasks on retrospective duration estimates with college student participants. Methods: Across the five experiments, participants were 113 college students (82 women, 31 men). In Experiments 1 and 2, participants provided duration estimates of a period spent engaging in physical activity or rest. In Experiments 3, 4, and 5, participants provided duration estimates of periods spent engaged in physical tasks of high intensity and low intensity. Results: In Experiments 1, 2, and 3, participants engaged in physical activity tended to perceive durations as shorter than participants at rest. When completing less familiar tasks (Experiments 4 and 5), however, participants recalled a high intensity bout of physical activity as lasting longer than a low intensity bout of physical activity of comparable duration. Cohen’s d values for physical activity effects on duration estimates ranged from 0.40 to 1.60. Conclusion: The findings, which partially support a contextual-change interpretation, suggest that factors, such as perceived exertion and task familiarity, affect retrospective duration estimates.

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“…heart rate) or external cues (e.g. power output, running velocity) during testing [ 66 ] as well as the validity of time-trial versus exercise capacity tests [ 67 , 68 ]. For example, in the case of professional road cycling, it could be suggested that the ‘true’ effects of any nutritional intervention or ergogenic aid should always be evaluated with access to external cues given that riders have continual access to power meters, heart-rate data and verbal feedback from accompanying support staff.…”

Section: Validity and Reliability Of Exercise Protocols And Performanmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Paper to Podium: Quantifying the Translational Potential of Performance Nutrition Research

Kasper

Morton

2019

Sports Med

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Sport nutrition is one of the fastest growing and evolving disciplines of sport and exercise science, demonstrated by a 4-fold increase in the number of research papers between 2012 and 2018. Indeed, the scope of contemporary nutrition-related research could range from discovery of novel nutrient-sensitive cell-signalling pathways to the assessment of the effects of sports drinks on exercise performance. For the sport nutrition practitioner, the goal is to translate innovations in research to develop and administer practical interventions that contribute to the delivery of winning performances. Accordingly, step one in the translation of research to practice should always be a well-structured critique of the translational potential of the existing scientific evidence. To this end, we present an operational framework (the “Paper-2-Podium Matrix”) that provides a checklist of criteria for which to prompt the critical evaluation of performance nutrition-related research papers. In considering the (1) research context, (2) participant characteristics, (3) research design, (4) dietary and exercise controls, (5) validity and reliability of exercise performance tests, (6) data analytics, (7) feasibility of application, (8) risk/reward and (9) timing of the intervention, we aimed to provide a time-efficient framework to aid practitioners in their scientific appraisal of research. Ultimately, it is the combination of boldness of reform (i.e. innovations in research) and quality of execution (i.e. ease of administration of practical solutions) that is most likely to deliver the transition from paper to podium.

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Time perception, pacing and exercise intensity: maximal exercise distorts the perception of time

Abstract: This study is the first to empirically demonstrate that exercise intensity distorts time perception, particularly during maximal exercise. Consequently external feedback of chronological time may be an important factor for athletes undertaking maximal effort tasks or competitions.

Cited by 31 publications

References 26 publications

Validation of the exercise self-efficacy scale (ESE-S) for increased adherence to physical activity

Validation of the exercise self-efficacy scale (ESE-S) for increased adherence to physical activity

It’s about Time: Effects of Physical Exertion on Duration Estimates

From Paper to Podium: Quantifying the Translational Potential of Performance Nutrition Research

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