Time Perspectives and Subjective Wellbeing in Chile

Time Matters Differently in Leisure Experience for Men and Women: Leisure Dedication and Time Perspective

“…The other instrument used was the Zimbardo’s Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI: Zimbardo and Boyd [40]), consisting of 56 items that refer to five factors: two related to the present (hedonistic, fatalistic), two to the past (positive, negative), and one to the future. This instrument was adapted to the Spanish population by Diaz-Morales [48], and has worked well with Spanish-speaking young people and adults in this and other contexts [47,49,50,51,52]. The items in the ZTPI use a Likert scale with five response options (ranging from 1 to 5, from “does not describe me at all” to “very characteristic”).…”

“…There have been several proposals for analysis of this idea of balance or equilibrium, which can be summed up as: having a higher score for past-positive, future, and present-hedonistic, and a lower one for past-negative and present-fatalistic TPs [42]; or displaying low scores for dysfunctional orientations (past-negative and present-fatalistic), high scores for the functional orientations (past-positive and future), and a moderate score for the present-hedonistic orientation [39,47]. In general, the form of measurement used to account for TP is the scale developed by Zimbardo and Boyd [40], which has applications in various countries [47]; in Spain, see the validation carried out by Diaz-Morales [48] and research by different authors [49,50,51,52].…”

A Time for Being Thankful: Balanced Time Perspective and Gratitude

“…In addition, studies on the relationship between a balanced time perspective and psychological well-being in Chile showed the relativity of the BTP construct. According to researchers, BTP is age-related (Worrell, McKay, & Andrett, 2015) and depends on the social and cultural context (Güell, Orchard, Yopo, & Jamne-Molina, 2015). Webster and Ma (2013) report that, on average, younger adults are inclined to be future-oriented rather than past-oriented, while an average adult tends to be past-rather than future-oriented.…”

Relationship between time perspective and job satisfaction

“…As was shown, in order to achieve the highest well-being, a balanced time perspective is the optimal one (Boniwell, 2005;Boniwell et al, 2010;Drake et al, 2008;Gao, 2011;Güel et al, 2015;Sobol-Kwapinska and Jankowski, 2016;Stolarski and Cyniak-Cieciura, 2016;Stolarski et al, 2014;Webster et al, 2014;Webster and Ma, 2013;Wiesman et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2012). Therefore, the third aim of this study is to verify whether the balanced time perspective also correlates with job satisfaction and predicts it beyond personality traits, demographic variables and separate time perspective dimensions.…”

“…The most optimal time perspective to achieve the highest well-being is supposed to be a balanced time perspective (Boniwell, 2005;Boniwell et al, 2010;Drake et al, 2008;Gao, 2011;Güel et al, 2015;Sobol-Kwapinska and Jankowski, 2016;Stolarski and Cyniak-Cieciura, 2016;Stolarski et al, 2014;Webster et al, 2014;Webster and Ma, 2013;Wiesman et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2012). Zimbardo and Boyd (2008) define it as low past-negative and present-fatalistic dimensions and moderate or high positive-past, present-hedonistic and future dimensions; and Boniwell (2005) proposes it as a more positive alternative to living life as a slave to any particular temporal bias, so that people with a balanced time perspective are able to adapt their temporal mode to the situations they find themselves in.…”