Time-related changes in sex distribution of COVID-19 incidence proportion in Italy

Bianconi, Vanessa; Mannarino, Massimo Raffaele; Bronzo, Paola; Marini, Ettore; Pirro, Matteo

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05304

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Additionally, access to healthcare may influence vaccination willingness. The study of Bianconi et al has discussed the potential role of gender inequalities in the access to healthcare facilities in COVID-19 testing and diagnostics [69]. Investigating similar barriers and inequities in healthcare (facility) access could be of interest during vaccine deployment [68].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide Vaccination Willingness for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2021

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Countries across the globe are currently experiencing a third or fourth wave of SARS-CoV-2 infections; therefore, the need for effective vaccination campaigns is higher than ever. However, effectiveness of these campaigns in disease reduction is highly dependent on vaccination uptake and coverage in susceptible populations. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis estimated the vaccination intention and identified determinants of willingness and hesitancy. This study updates the existing body of literature on vaccination willingness, and was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed was searched for publications, selecting only studies published between 20 October 2020 and 1 March 2021, in English, with participants aged >16 years of age. The search identified 411 articles, of which 63 surveys were included that accounted for more than 30 countries worldwide. The global COVID-19 vaccination willingness was estimated at 66.01% [95% CI: 60.76–70.89% I2 = 99.4% [99.3%; 99.4%]; τ2 = 0.83]. The vaccination willingness varied within as well as between countries. Age, gender, education, attitudes and perceptions about vaccines were most frequently observed to be significantly associated with vaccine acceptance or refusal.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide Vaccination Willingness for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2021

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“…The result of the test confirms that confirmed male and female cases have different distributions and the number of confirmed cases is significantly higher in males. Bianconi et al (2020) argued that gender inequalities may have influenced either the estimation of COVID-19 cases or the susceptibility to COVID-19 over time. Bianconi et al (2020) observed a time-related changes in sex distribution of COVID-19 cases in Italy as well as declining infection proportion with male-female ratio from 9 March to 11 May 2020.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bianconi et al (2020) argued that gender inequalities may have influenced either the estimation of COVID-19 cases or the susceptibility to COVID-19 over time. Bianconi et al (2020) observed a time-related changes in sex distribution of COVID-19 cases in Italy as well as declining infection proportion with male-female ratio from 9 March to 11 May 2020. However, there is no significant time-related changes in sex distribution of COVID-19 cases in Nigeria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there is no significant time-related changes in sex distribution of COVID-19 cases in Nigeria. Bianconi et al (2020) argued that males have been reported to be at higher risk of developing symptoms and severe clinical manifestations of COVID-19, and may have had a higher access to COVID-19 diagnostic tests at the beginning of the observed period as compared to females. Gebhard et al (2020) claimed that COVID-19 is deadlier for infected men than women in China in terms of fatality rate, and that differential susceptibility between males and females may be imparted in diverse ways by gender for infectious diseases caused by viruses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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COVID-19 incidence and mortality in Nigeria: gender based analysis

Olusola-Makinde

Makinde

2021

PeerJ

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Background Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been surging globally. Risk strata in medical attention are of dynamic significance for apposite assessment and supply distribution. Presently, no known cultured contrivance is available to fill this gap of this pandemic. The aim of this study is to develop a predictive model based on vector autoregressive moving average (VARMA) model of various orders for gender based daily COVID-19 incidence in Nigeria. This study also aims to proffer empirical evidence that compares incidence between male and female for COVID-19 risk factors. Methods Wilcoxon signed-rank test is employed to investigate the significance of the difference in the gender distributions of the daily incidence. A VARMA model of various orders is formulated for the gender based daily COVID-19 incidence in Nigeria. The optimal VARMA model is identified using Bayesian information criterion. Also, a predictive model based on univariate autoregressive moving average model is formulated for the daily death cases in Nigeria. Fold change is estimated based on crude case-fatality risk to investigate whether there is massive underreporting and under-testing of COVID-19 cases in Nigeria. Results Daily incidence is higher in males on most days from 11 April 2020 to 12 September 2020. Result of Wilcoxon signed-rank test shows that incidence among male is significantly higher than female (p-value < 2.22 × 10−16). White neural network test shows that daily female incidence is not linear in mean (p-value = 0.00058746) while daily male incidence is linear in mean (p-value = 0.4257). McLeod-Li test shows that there is autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity in the female incidence (Maximum p-value = 1.4277 × 10−5) and male incidence (Maximum p-value = 9.0816 × 10−14) at 5% level of significance. Ljung-Box test (Tsay, 2014) shows that the daily incidence cases are not random (p-value=0.0000). The optimal VARMA model for male and female daily incidence is VARMA (0,1). The optimal model for the Nigeria’s daily COVID-19 death cases is identified to be ARIMA (0,1,1). There is no evidence of massive underreporting and under-testing of COVID-19 cases in Nigeria. Conclusions Comparison of the observed incidence with fitted data by gender shows that the optimal VARMA and ARIMA models fit the data well. Findings highlight the significant roles of gender on daily COVID-19 incidence in Nigeria.

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“…The SARS-CoV2 outbreak has had a significant impact on healthcare services and resource allocation. Accumulating evidence has shown that amongst COVID-19-infected patients, elevated mortality is observed in older patients and those with pre-existing comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease, and cancer [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The hidden interplay between sex and COVID-19 mortality: the role of cardiovascular calcification

et al. 2021

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Recent clinical and demographical studies on COVID-19 patients have demonstrated that men experience worse outcomes than women. However, in most cases, the data were not stratified according to gender, limiting the understanding of the real impact of gender on outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the disaggregated in-hospital outcomes and explore the possible interactions between gender and cardiovascular calcifications. Data was derived from the sCORE-COVID-19 registry, an Italian multicentre registry that enrolled COVID-19 patients who had undergone a chest computer tomography scan on admission. A total of 1683 hospitalized patients (mean age 67±14 years) were included. Men had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities, a higher pneumonia extension, more coronary calcifications (63% vs.50.9%, p<0.001), and a higher coronary calcium score (391±847 vs. 171±479 mm3, p<0.001). Men experienced a significantly higher mortality rate (24.4% vs. 17%, p=0.001), but the death event tended to occur earlier in women (15±7 vs. 8±7 days, p= 0.07). Non-survivors had a higher coronary, thoracic aorta, and aortic valve calcium score. Female sex, a known independent predictor of a favorable outcome in SARS-CoV2 infection, was not protective in women with a coronary calcification volume greater than 100 mm3. There were significant differences in cardiovascular comorbidities and vascular calcifications between men and women with SARS-CoV2 pneumonia. The differences in outcomes can be at least partially explained by the different cardiovascular profiles. However, women with poor outcomes had the same coronary calcific burden as men. The presumed favorable female sex bias in COVID-19 must therefore be reviewed in the context of comorbidities, especially cardiovascular ones.

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Time-related changes in sex distribution of COVID-19 incidence proportion in Italy

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

Worldwide Vaccination Willingness for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Worldwide Vaccination Willingness for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

COVID-19 incidence and mortality in Nigeria: gender based analysis

The hidden interplay between sex and COVID-19 mortality: the role of cardiovascular calcification

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