Time-resolved analysis of high-resolution electron microscope images

Goral, J.P.; Holladay, A.; Eyring, L.

doi:10.1016/0304-3991(85)90143-3

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Little significant progress has been made in recent years in the techniques for the high-resolution microscopy of in situ reactions of solid specimens with gaseous atmosphere or even of reactions between solid-state phases (17). It is evident, however, that the starting point for such studies must be well-controlled conditions of the specimen and especially of its surface since, for the very thin specimens that must be used, even a monolayer of foreign material may be significant.…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The image data are then recorded digitally with a frame store and stored in a computer memory for processing in various ways, for future analysis or display, or for quantitative comparison with computed image simulations. Use of the TV system with either digital or analog (tape) storage is providing important possibilities for the study of time-dependent process such as solid-state reactions (17) or the motions of atoms on surfaces (18).…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electron microscopy (nonbiological)

Cowley¹

1986

Anal. Chem.

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Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron microscopy (nonbiological)

Cowley¹

1986

Anal. Chem.

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Direct observation of chemical reactions in silica‐coated gold and silver nanoparticles

et al. 1997

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Communications reversible cis-trans isomerization of azobenzene occurs in A1P04-5, ZSM-5,andsilicalite-1. Itwas foundthat thesecomposites change their birefringence up to An' = 0.027 after irradiation. One can expect nanocompositesof organicmolecules andinorganic hostswithsuchsignificantphotosensitiverefractiveindices to be ofconsidcrableinterestforapplicationasadvancedphotoresponsivematerials.llxi ExperimentalLarge crystals of molecular sieve5 of the lUPAC structure types AFI and MFI have bccn uscd as host materials. The straight pore system of the AFI structure (AIP04-5) extends parallel to the crystal length axis. The MFI structures (ZSM-5, silicalite-1) form an anisotropic three-dimensional and bimodal channel network; straight channels arc cross-linked by sinnsoidal channels [19]. The organic guest molecule azobenzene (Kodak) was introduced into the molecular sieve pores by a gas-phase adsorption process. After calcination (AIP04-5 at 600°C. 6 h; ZSM-5 and silicalite-1 at 550"C, 4.5 h) and evacuation (< 10-' ton, 400°C). the activated molecular sieve crystals wcre exposed to the organic guest molecules under autogenous pressure at a temperature of 100 "C tor 4 h. This procedure leads to loading lcvels hctwecn 3 and 10 wt.-%, depending on the molecular sieves used.The spectra of the microcrystals were recorded with a microscope spectral photometer UMSP 80 (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) with quartz optics. The measurement Fields were chosen down to 5 km, depending on crystal size. The mcasuremcnts were performed in the region from 250 to 900 nm using a 75-W xenon lamp dispersed by a grating monochromator (A2 = 5 nm) and polarized by a Glan polarizer. The same source, restricted by a diaphragm according to the crystal size, was used for the illumination (with AA = 25 nm) of the microcrystals in the photochemical investigations. For the measurements of the birefringence of the composites, the length axis of molecular sieve crystals was placed at 45" to the linearly polarized incident light beam.The calculation of birefringence from the transmittance data in Figure 4 was done under the assumption that thc crystal acts as a zero-order retarder plate for 1. > 1. , , , , , .where E. , , , , , , is the wavelength of maximum transmittance occurring between 450 nni and 600 nm. Assumption of a higher order would lead to birefringence curves which increase monotonically with wavelength. This is very unlikely, since one expects normal dispersion outside the absorbance range. In addition, the zero-order assumption is supported by the measurement of the refractive index by the microcrystal prism method [20]. The crystals have the refractive indices n, = 1.538 ?c 0.006 and n,, = 1.485 & 0.005for 1 = 632 nm hcfore irradiation. This coincides with the n' values from the transmittance data under the zero-order assumption. Any other assumption leads to contradictory results.

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