“…High-quality organic lead halide perovskites (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3− x Cl x , and CH(NH 2 ) 2 PbI 3 ), which can be fabricated using a two-step or a one-step spin-coating method [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ], have been widely used as the light harvesting material in photovoltaic cells due to their high power conversion efficiency ( PCE ) and low-cost of fabrication. It is well known that the low absorption bandgap (<1.6 eV) [ 5 ], small exciton binding energy (2–70 meV) [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ], long exciton lifetime (>10 ns) [ 10 , 11 , 12 ], high carrier mobility (>5 cm 2 /Vs) [ 13 , 14 ], and long carrier diffusion length (>1 μm) [ 15 , 16 ] of perovskite thin films are the reasons why high-performance photovoltaic cells can be realized. The first use of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 (MAPbI 3 ) as a light harvesting material deposited on top of a hydrophilic mesoporous TiO 2 film [ 17 ], resulted in a moderate PCE of 3.81% [ 18 ].…”